Ui/^COMPENDS

Pharmac\

STEWART

■'^/■^•v

FOR STUDENTS OF PHARMACY.

STEWART. Pharmacy. Based upon Remington's Text=Book.
Seventh Carefully Revised Edition. A Compend of Pharmacy.
Based, by permission, upon Remington's ** Text-Book of Pharmacy."
By F. E. Stewart, m.d., ph.g., laie Quiz- Master in Theoretical
Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and Lecturer on Pharma-
cology in Jefferson Medical College. With tables for conversion of metric
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COBLENTZ. Volumetric Analysis. A Practical Handbook for
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Acidimetry, Analysis by Oxidation and Reduction, lodometry, Assay
Processes for Drugs with the Titriraetric Estimation of Alkaloids, Estima-
tion of Phenol, Sugar, Tables of Atomic and Molecular Weights. By
Virgil Coblentz, am., ph.d., f.c.s., Professor of Chemistry and
Physics ; Director of Pharmaceutical Laboratory, College of Pharmacy of the
City of Ne7v York ; Member of the Committee of Revision of the Eighth
(1900) Decennial Revision of the U. S. PharmacoJ>oeia. Illustrated. 8vo.

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STANISLAUS and KIMBERLY. A Short Pharmaceutic Chem-
istry, Inorganic and Organic. By I. V. Stanley Stanislaus,
M.S., PHAR.D., Prof ssor of Pharmacy and Organic Chemistry and Dean of
the School of Pharmacy of the Medico- Chirtirgical College of Philadelphia,
and Charles H. Kimberly, p.h.c, ph.d., Professor of Applied Chem-
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Maurice Vejux Tyrode, m.d., Instructor of Pharmacology in the
Medical School of Harvard University. 8vo. 255 pages. Cloth, |l. 50

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1-9-09

A NEW IMPROVED EDITION-

ManUal of Organic ^y L. E. say re, PH.Q., Professor

Materia Medica

of Pharmacy in, and Dean of

the School of Pharmacy of the Uni-
and Pharmacognosy. verslty of Kansas; Member of Re-
^. , . r- ..^. vision Committee U. S. P., etc. An

Third Edition. . , ,. , ,, c* j r »i

Introduction to the Study of the
Vegetable Kingdom and the Vegetable and Animal Drugs. Comprising the
liotanical and Physical Characteristics, Source, Constituents, and Pharma-
• >|)eial Preparations. With Chapters on Insects Injurious to Drugs and
;' larmacal liotany. Including a Section on Plant Histology and Microtechnic
y Wm. C. Stevens, Professor of Botany in the University of Kansas.
With 377 Illustrations, the majority of which are from Original Drawings.

Third Edition, Thoroughly Revised in accordance with the U. S.
Pharmacopoeia of 1900. Cloth, net, $5.00

Part I discusses Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy under the
1 )ivision ( i ) Official Drugs Arranged According to Structural Characteristics,
and (2) Official and Unofficial Drugs Arranged According to Prominent
Physical Properties, and Subdivided by Odor and Taste.

Part II is a digest (l) of Organic Drugs from the Vegetable Kingdom,
i described and Arranged According to Their Natural Orders, (2) a Compilation
I Animal Drugs, and (3) a Synopsis of Natural Orders and of Drugs, Sys-
'•matically Arranged According to Part II, Section I.

Part III is a summary of the Insects Injurious to Drugs.

Part IV is a special section devoted to the Elements of Plant Histology
BT>'' ^t'' >^ -''chnic and includes the following chapters: Selection and Use of
>r Use in Vegetable Histology; Preparation of Material for Sec-
I ,; ; Different Methcnls of Section-cutting; The Plant Cell and its

i'roducts; Cell Fonnation ; The Tissues; The Tissue Systems; Secondary
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Prcjcesses ; Methods of Demonstrating the Character of (!cll-walls and Cell-
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30,000 WORDS PRONOUNCED AND DEFINED.

FOURTH EDITION.

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Micrococci, Spirilla, and Thermometric Scales, and a Dose-list of Drugs
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COMPEND

OF

PHARMACY

STEWART

>n Phz^macy in the English
pproach it in completeness
—American Druggist.

_f Pharmacy

Based on the New U. S. Pharmacopoeia

A Treatise on the Modes of Making and Dispensing Of-
ficial, Unofficial, and Extemporaneous Preparations,
with Desciiptions of Medicinal Substances,
their Properties, Uses^ and Doses.
Intended eui a Hand-book for Pharmacists and Physicians,
and a Text-book for Students.

By PROF. JOSEPH P. REMINGTON.

Ph.M.. Phar.D.. F.C.S.

FIFTH EDITION

1541 Pa^es and 809 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth. $6.00;

Sheep. $6.50 : Half Leather. $7.00

For Sale by all Booksellers and. Wholesale Druggists

" It is a grand book ; one that every pharmacist should have on his
shelves." — Professor John Attfield, F.R.S., the eminent chemist,
editor of the " British Pharmacopoeia," and author of the well-known
" ChemistrjT"

" Remington's ' Practice of Pharmacy ' has become a classic in the
literature of the profession." — Therapeutic Gazette, Detroit.

" Remington's ' Practice' is the greatest and most comprehensive
exponent of the science and art from the time of Paracelsus to the
present." — Western Druggist, Chicago.

"This work is the standard text-book of Pharmacy." — W. M.
Searby, Dean of the California College of Pharmacy.

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remotest manner be compared with this work." — Popular Science,
New York.

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BLAKISTON'S ?QUIZ-COMPENDS?

A COMPEND

OF

PHARMACY

BY
F. E. STEWART, M.D., Ph.G.,

CHARTER MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN THERAPEUTIC SOCIETY; FORMERLY

LECTURER AND DEMONSTRATOR OF MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY,

JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE, MKDICO-CHIRURGICAL COLLEGE, AND

WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OK PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA;

QUIZ-MASTER IN CHEMISTRY AND THEORETICAL PHARMACY,

PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OK PHARMACY, AND CHAIRMAN OF

THE SECTION ON MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY OF

THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION; ASSOCIATE

EDITOR OF THE THERAPEl'TIC GAZETTE ;

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF OF MERCK'S ARCHIVES, ETC.

BASED UPON PROF. JOSEPH P. REMINGTON'S

TEXT-BOOK OF PHARMACY " AND THE

U. S. P., EIGHTH REVISION {I'^o^).

Hiabtb Edition, 1Rcvi6et> anD EtilardeO

IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ADDITIONS AND COHHECTlON^^x

MADE IN THE IJ. S. P. TO COMPLY WITH THET

NEW FOOD AND DRUG ACT, 1907.

i( //// I r£Jfy COMPLETE INDEX AND NUMEROUS USEFUL
AND PRACTICAL TABLES.

PHlJ.Al>Ki.PliiA:

BLAKISTON'S SON & CO,

IOI2 WALNUT STREET.
1910.

PHARMACY LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Copyright, 1910, by P. Blakiston's Son & Co.

"Authority to use for comment the Pharmaco-
poeia of the United States of America, Eighth Decen-
nial Revision, in this volume, has been granted by
the Board of Trustees of the United States Pharma-
copceial Convention, which Board of Trustees is in no
way responsible for the accuracy of any translations
of the official weights and measures or for any state-
meats as to strength of official preparations."

WM. F. FELL COMPANY

ELECTROTYPER8 AND PRINTERS

1220-24 8ANSOM STREET

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION.

In addition to the changes in the text of the Compend made necessary
by changes in the text of the United States Pharmacopceia, on account
of the passage of the Federal Pure Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906,
there has been added to this revision the following: A table showing
the average percentage of alcohol contained in the most important wines
and distilled spirits, a table of thermometric equivalents, and a percentage
solution table, also a list of incompatibles, of special poisons and anti-
dotes, and of the principal abbreviations used in prescription writing.

PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION.

The first edition of this Compend was issued in 1886 as a companion
to Remington's Practice of Pharmacy with the consent of the author of
that valuable treatise. Being primarily intended for the use of pharma-
ceutical students attending lectures in colleges of pharmacy the scope of
the Compend is limited to the products and preparations of the United
States Pharmacopoeia, and is therefore restricted; while Remington's
work covers the entire field of pharmacy in a very comprehensive and
instructive manner.

The object of the author of this Compend is to present information
concerning official products and preparations in such clear, concise,
and condensed form as to be of special service to the student in memor-
izing it. The immediate end which the student has in view is to pa.ss
the examination before him in a creditable manner. His time is fully
occupied by lectures and quizzes, and ofttimcs by work in a drugstore
in addition. He has therefore no time to read text-b<K)ks. What he
wants, and what he needs, is just such a book as this Compend.

But it is not the purpose of the author to place in the hands of students,
or drug-clerks desiring to pass examining boards, a b<M)k to serve for
"cramming." The work will be found of great value for u.se in the regu-
lar educational course, just the same as a "quiz" will Ix*, but it is not
intended, neither is it adapted, for conducting students acnxss lots. There
is only one way to obtain a i)harmaceuti(al etlucation, and that is by
< areful, systematic study and practical experience.

Pharmacists will find this Cf)mf)end of great servi( e as a means of re-
viewing and |x>Iishing uj) their knowledge of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia,
and for reference in regard to doses, metric e(juivalent.s, .sjjecific gravities,
and other useful information, but it will not serve as a substitute for
Remington's Practice of Pharmacy. The more the latter is studied,
the more useful the Comj>end will fx; for reviewing its contents in so far
as they relate to the Pharmacopoeia.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTORY. page

Theoretical and Practical Pharmacy, i

Pharmacop^rias and Dispensatories, i

Nomenclature of the United States Pharmacopoeia, 2

Dispensatories, 3

PART I.

Physics and Pharmaceutical Operations, 4-32

Metrology, Specific Gravity, and Specific Volume, 4-12

Heat, 2-14

Operations requiring Heat, 16-18

Operations not requiring Heat, 18-20

Solution, 21

Separation of Fluids from Solids 21-32

PART II.
The Forms of Pharmaceutical Preparations Directed by

THE United States Ph arm acopceia, 33-7 1

Liquids, 34-59

Solids, 59-71

PART III.

The Preparations of the Inorganic Materia Medica, — 72-119

PART IV.

The Preparations op the Organic Materia Medica, 120-177

Tables for Transposing English and Metric Weights
AND Measures, Percentage of Alcohol in Wines and
Dlstilled Spirits, Thermometric Equivalents, Percent-
ace Solution Table, Incompatibles, Special Poisons
AND Antidotes, Principal Abbreviations used in Pre-
scriptions T 78

Index. i.'^o

INDEX OF TABLES.

PAGE

Temperatures of Superheated Steam, 15

Syrups, 40

Mixtures, 42

Alcoholic Solutions, 43

Oleaginous Solutions for external application, . . 45

Tinctures, 48

Vina Medicata, 51

Official Fluidextracts, 53

Solid Preparations made by percolation or

maceration, 59

Solid Preparations made without percolation

or maceration 61

PilulaR or Pills, 65

Troches, 66

Cerates 67

Unguenta or Ointments, 67

Emplastra or Plasters, 68

For Converting U. S. Weights and Measures —

Customary to Metric, 1 78

Metric to Customary, 180

Percentage Solution Table, 182

Alcohol Table, 183

Thermometric Equivalents,.- 183

Incompatibles, 184

Antidotes for Poisons, 185

Special Poisons and Antidotes, 186

Prescription Abbreviations, 188

COMPEND OF PHARMACY.

INTRODUCTORY.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PHARMACY.

Pharmacy. — The science which treats of medicinal substances, com-
prehending not only a knowledge of medicines and the arts of preparing
and dispensing them, but also their identification, selection, preservation,
combination, and analysis.

Two Great Classes. — Tlieoretical and Practical pharmacy.

Theoretical Pharmacy. — A knowledge of the substances used as
medicines, animal, vegetable and mineral, also of the laws governing
them. It includes a knowledge of —

Botany ^ the science of plants; Mineralogy, the science of inorganic
substances; Zoology, the science which treats of animals; Physics, or
Natural Philosophy, the science which explains the changes produced
in bodies without changing their identity; Cftemisiry, the science which
treats of those changes which affect the specific identity of the bodies.

Materia Medica, the medicinal materials or substances used as medi-
cine; Pharmacognosy, the science of crude drugs; Toxicology, the science
of poisons; Microscopy, the art of examining the minute structure of
bodies by the aid of artificial lenses arranged for magnifying; Bac-
teriology, the science which treats of micro-organisms.

Practical Pharmacy. — That branch of pharmacy which treats of
the operations, prfx:es.scs, and methods used in applying the principles
of theoretical pharmacy.

PHARMACOPCEIAS AND DISPENSATORIES.

Pharmacopceia: .\n authoritative list of mcrlirinal substanc es, with
definitions, des< riptions, or formula; for their preparation.

The necessity for authf)ritative standards to define the character, estab-
lish the purity, and regulate the strength of medicines, is recognized by
all civilized nation.s.

Countries having no national Pharmacopoeia adopt the .standard of
other countries, or supply standard pharmaceutical works for the same
purposes.

The Pharmacoprcias of all nations, except that of the United States,
are i.ssued under the authority of the re.spective governments. The
U. S. P. is accepted as authoritative by the general government, and
by the governments of the .several States.

The L'. S. P. was originally devised, and is decennially revised, by a
committee appointed from the professions of medicine and pharmacy.
It should be a representative list of the drugs and preparations employed
in therapeutics.

2 1

PHARMACY.

NOMENCLATURE OF THE UNITED STATES
PHARMACOPCEIA.

How the titles of the medicinal substances are indicated in

the U. S. P. I, by the official Latin title; 2, by the official English
title; 3, by the Synonym; 4, by the Botanical Name (in the case of
plants); 5, by the SymboUc Formulae (in the case of chemicals).

Examples of each : Cannabis Indica (official name) ; Indian Can-
nabis (English name); Indian Hemp (Synonym). Zinci lodidum (O.
N.); Zinc Iodide (E. N.); Znlj, 316.70 (Symbolic Formula). Prunus
Virginiana (O. N.); Wild Cherry (E. N.); Prunus serotina (Botanical
name).

1. The official Latin title should be used in designating the drug
when precision is required — labels, prescriptions, specimens, etc.

Why the Latin language is employed : Because it is a dead lan-
guage and is not liable to change, as in the case of a living tongue.

2. The official English title should be employed: in ordinary
conversation, in commercial transactions, and in all cases "where the
use of the Latin official name could be justly criticized as an ostentatious
display of erudition."

3. The synonym is usually antiquated and from an unscientific
source, but on account of long usage in common language synonyms
cannot be completely ignored.

4. The Botanical Name. — By this is meant the systematic name
recognized by botanists for plants, which serves in pharmacopoeial
nomenclature as the basis of the official name.

Capsicum fastigiatum is the botanical name for the variety of Cayenne
pepper designated by the U. S. P. Capsicum indicates the genus, fas-
tigiatum the species to which the plant belongs.

When a capital letter should be employed in writing the specific
name : i . When the specific name is derived from a generic name, as
Rhantnus Frangula; 2. When derived from the name of a person, as
Strychnos Ignatii; 3. When indeclinable, as Erythroxylon Coca.

The name of the author follows the botanical name, as Capsicum
fastigiatum Blume, then the natural order to which the plant belongs,
in italics, the latter being enclosed in parentheses, as (Nat. Ord., So-
lanacecB).

When the botanical name should be employed : Its use is abso-
lutely necessary in establishing the identity of drugs.

5. The Symbolic Formula. — The symbolic formula is a combina-
tion of symbols representing the chemical structure of the articles to
which they refer, with the utmost brevity and exactness.

Nal means the same as Sodii lodidum and Iodide of Sodium, but
it is shorter and much more definite. Na^SOg + 7H2O, means sulphite
of sodium containing seven molecules of water of crystallization, and
no other sulphite of sodium.

The Official Definition. — In order to have no question what is meant
by the titles, it is necessary to state explicitly in language which can be
readily understood what kind or variety of the substance should be used.

NOMENCLATURE OF THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 3

The Purity Rubric— This was introduced into the U. S. P. (eighth
revision) to fix the amount of permissible innocuous impurities.

The figures following the symbolic formulae express the molecular
weight (the sum of the weights of the atoms) of the chemical. For
example, the molecular weight of NazSOa + 7HO2 is 250.39. Na
weighs 22.8^ two atoms are employed, which equals 45.76. S weighs
31,83. O weighs 15.88; three atoms arc employed, which equals 47.64.
H weighs i ; two atoms are employed, which equals 2. O weighs 15.88,
which added to 2 equals 17.88. H,0 is taken 7 times; 7 times 17.88
equals 125.16; 45.76+ 31.83+ 47.64+ 125.16 = 250.39, the molecu-
lar weight of sulphite of sodium.

This matter of atomic and molecular weights can be made clear to
the student by the following illustration: A pays B 100 sovereigns,
English money, in sovereigns and half sovereigns, giving him 50 of
the former and 100 of the latter; how much will the 100 sovereigns of
gold weigh?

I sovereign weighs 1 24 grains X 50 = 6200 grains.
i " " 62 " X 100 = 6200 "

Weight of 100 sovereigns in gold, 12400 grains.

In the same way the molecular weight of water (HjO) is 17.88.

H, Hydrogen atom, weighs 1X2= 2
O, Oxygen atom, " 15.88 X i = 15.88

Molecular weight of HjO, 1 7.88

Official Description. — Immediately following the official definition,
there will be noticed in the Pharmacopoeia, in smaller types, what is
termed the official description: It usually consists of: (A) In drugs —
I, a concise statement of physical characteristics; 2, tests of identity;
3, description of adulterants. (B) In chemicals — i, statement of physi-
cal characteristics, as in case of drugs; 2, solubilities; 3, tests of identity
and purity.

Assay Processes. — The as.saying of drugs and preparations has be-
come necessary in order to definitely fix their value as medicinal agents.

Doses. — The Pharmacopoeial Convention instructed the ('ommittee
of Rcvi.sion to .state the average approximate (but within a minimum
or maximum) dose for adults, the metric .system to be u.sed, and the
approximate equivalent in ordinary weights or measures inserted in
parentheses.

DISPENSATORIES.

Dispensatory: A Dispensatory is a Commentary on a Pharmaco-
prcia.

Dispensatories aim to present information (f)nccrning important
non-<;fTif ial rlrugs and those official in other Pharmacopoeias, as well
as \hnsr of the {' . S. P.

Dispensatories in the U. S. : We have in this country The United
States Dispensatory, National Dispensatory, and King's Dispensatory.

PHARMACY.

PART I.

PHYSICS AND PHARMACEUTICAL
OPERATIONS.

METROLOGY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND SPECIFIC
VOLUME.

METROLOGY.

Weight. — Weight is the diflference between the attraction of the earth
and that of surrounding bodies for bodies on the surface of the earth.

Upon what the weight of a body depends : Upon its bulk and
density. Density is the amount of matter in given bulks of bodies.

What is meant by weighing : Balancing a body of known gravitat-
ing force with one whose gravity is not known, for the purpose of estimat-
ing the gravitating force of the latter, which is called its weight.

Weights : Bodies of known gravitating force used for weighing.

Name given to the apparatus used for weighing: Scales and
weights.

Standards used upon which to base the system of weights \ The
Grain and the Metre.

How the grain weight was derived: By act of Henry III of
England, in 1226; "An English silver penny, called the sterling, round
and without clipping, shall weigh thirty-two grains oj wheat, well dried
and gathered out of the middle of the ear."

Metre : One 40-millionth of the circumference of the earth at its
poles.

Systems of weights used in Pharmacy based on the Grain : The
Troy or Apothecaries' system and the Avoirdupois system.

Denominations of each : Troy or A pothecaries^ Weight: 20 grains =
I scruple; 3 scruples = i drachm; 8 drachms = i ounce; 12 ounces =
I pound. Avoirdupois Weight: 43 7 J grains = i ounce; 16 ounces = i
pound.

Symbols of each : Troy: grain, or grains, gr. ; scruple, ^; drachm,
3 ; ounce, ,^ . Avoirdupois: ounce, oz. ; pound, lb.

How many grains the ounce of each system contains respec-
tively, and the difference in grains between the Troy and Avoir-
dupois ounce: Avoirdupois ounce = 437i gr-i Troy ounce = 480 gr.
Troy ounce 425 grains greater.

Difference in grains between the Avoirdupois and Troy pound :
Avoirdupois pound, 7000 gr. ; Troy pound, 5760. Avoirdupois pound,
1240 grains greater.

Measure : The bulk or extension of bodies.

Systems of Measure used in Pharmacy: Apothecaries' or Wine
Measure, Imperial or British Measure, and the Metric System.

METROLOGY. 5

Denominations of each: Apothecaries' Measure: 60 minims = i
fluidrachm; 8 fluidrachms = i fluidounce; 16 fluidounces = i pint; 8
pints = I gallon. Imperial Measure: 60 Imperial minims = i Imperial
fluidrachm; 8 Imperial fluidrachms = i Imperial fluidounce; 20 Im-
fierial fluidounces = i Imperial pint; 8 Imperial pints = i Imperial
gallon.

Note. — The U. S. Fluidounce is equal to 480 U. S. minims, and to 500
Imperial minims. The Standard Imperial gallon is the volume of 70,000
grains, or 10 avoirdupois pounds of pure water at + 62° F., barometer at
30 inches. One Imperial minim of pure water at + 62° F., only weighs
0.91 1458 grain.

Symbols of each: Apothecaries* Measure: Minim, TT\^; fluidrachm,
f 3 ; fluidounce, f 5 ; pint, O; gallon, Cong. Imperial Measure: Minim,
min.; fluidrachm, fl. dr.; fluidounce, fl. oz. ; pint, O; gallon, C.

Relations of Apothecaries' and Imperial Measures to Troy and
Avoirdupois Weights : Apothecaries' Measure: The pint of distilled
water at 15.6° C. (60° F.) weighs 7291.2 gr. ; the fluidounce, 455.7 g^-5
the gallon, 8.33 pxjunds avoirdupois; pint weighs 1.04 16 av. pound;
pound equalso.9601 pints. At 25" C. (77° F.), the temperature adopted
for taking sp. gr. and solubilities by the U, S. P. (8th Rev.), the pint
weighs 7273.3 gr. and the fl. oz. 454.6 gr., or, more accurately, 454.581
gr. Thus we have Troy oz., 480 gr. ; av. oz., 437.5 gr. ; fl. oz., 454.6 gr.
Imperial Measure: pint weighs 8750 gr.; fluidounce, 437.5 (which is
the same as the avoirdupois ounce, and 18.2 gr. less than that of the
U. S. fluidounce of water at the same temperature); gallon, 10 pounds
avoirdufKjis.

Approximate Measures: A tumblerful, f ,^ viij (240 Cc). A teacup-
ful, f5iv(i20 Cc). \ wineglassful, f^ij (60 Cc). A tablespoonful,
f.!5iv(i6Cc.). Adessertspoonful,f3ij(8Cc.). A teaspoonful,f 3 i (4CC.).
The equivalent given above for the teaspoonful, dessertspoonful, and
tablesp^xjnful are authorized by the U. S. P. (8th Rev.).

Metric System : A system of weights and measures which originated
with Prince de Talleyrand, Bishop of Autun, France, in 1790, now
legally used by the majority of all civilized nations.

Metre : The unit of length of the Metric, French, or Decimal system,
from whi( h all other denominations are derived.

How obtained : It was obtained by a measurement of the quadrant
of a meridian of the earth, and is about jjSTfJ^UTnsJS °^ '^^ circumference of
the earth at the poles.

What it is practically : Practically, it is the length of certain care-
fully prtserved bars of metal from which copies have been taken.*

What its equivalent is in feet and inches : It is equal to about 3
ft 3i in.

Unit of surface, and how derived : The unit of surface is the Are,
which is the .srjuare of ten metres (the square of a dekametre) — a square
whose sifle is i 1 vards.

• Accurate mfMlrln or profotyjx-s have Ixm made of the principal units of linear meas>
ure. measures of ra^xicity. and weights These actual >(aiidards are usually legalized,
are carefully preserved in (he custody of governments, and serve as originau, of which
copies are taken directly or indirectly for actual use.

6

PHARMACY.

Unit of capacity, and how derived : The Litre, which is a cube of
a tenth of a metre (the cube of a decimetre) = 2. 1 134 pints.

Unit of weight and how obtained: The unit of weight is the
Gramme, which is the weight of that quantity of distilled water, at its
maximum density (4° C), which fills the cube of the one-hundredth part
of the metre (cube of a centimetre, or, in other words, cubic centimetre,
Cc.) = 15.43235 grains, or about 15^ grains.

Denominations of the Metric System multiplied and divided:
They are multiplied by the Greek words, "Deka," Ten; "Hecto,"
Hundred; ' ' Kilo," Thousand; and divided by the Latin words, ' ' Deci,"
one-tenth; "Centi," one-hundredth; "Milli," one-thousandth

G

reek

L

atin

D

ecreases

TABLE SHOWING HOW METRIC UNITS ARE MULTIPLIED AND

DIVIDED.
Quantities. Length. Surface. Capacity. Weight.

1000 Kilo-metre. .... Kilo-litre. Kilo-gramme.

100 Hecto-metre. Hectare. Hecto-litre. Hecto-gramme.

10 Deka-metre Deka-litre. Deka-gramme.

I (Units.) Metre. Are Litre. Gramme.

.1 Deci-metre Deci-litre. Deci-gramme.

.01 Centi -metre, Centare. Centi-litre. Centi-gramme.

.001 Milli-metre Milli-litre. Milli-gramme.

—Attfield.

Use of the Gramme and Cubic Centimetre (fluigramme) as
units of weight and measure : In the practical working of a laboratory,
the gramme and its divisions are used for weighing, and the cubic centi-
metre (Cc. or fluigramme) for measuring liquids. A gramme and a
cubic centimetre of distilled water are identical, but owing to greater
or less density, cubic centimetres of other liquids weigh more or less than
a gramme. But if the Cc. is taken as a unit of capacity only, and the
gramme as the unit of weight, all difficulty is avoided. For example,
dissolve i gramme of sugar in sufficient quantity of water to make 10 Cc.
It is evident that each Cc. of this solution contains i decigramme of sugar.
By keeping the Cc. intact and varying the strength of the solution, each
Cc. can be made to contain any stated amount of sugar from saturation
to infinity.

TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS.

One Cubic Centimetre, = 16.23 Minims.

Four " " = 1.08 Fluidrachms.

Thirty " " = i.oi Fluidounces.

One Minim, = 0.06 Cubic centimetres.

Four " = .25 "

Ten " = .62

One Troy drachm, == 3.888 Grammes.

One Troy ounce, =31.103 "

One Avoirdupois ounce, = 28.35 "

METROLOGY. 7

METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, AND EQUIVALENTS, USED IN THE

DOSE SYSTEM OF THE U. S. PHARMACOPCEIA.

Mg. = Milligrammes. Gm. = Grammes. Cc. = Cubic centimetres.

•15 Mg. = :f^5 gr. 65 Mg. = I gr. .1 Cc. =1^ minims.

•30 " = ihz " 125 " = 2 " .2 " =3

.40 " - rkz " 200 " = 3 " .3 " =5

.50 " - T^ " 250 ;; = 4^ -^ .5 - =8

I Mir = -rK er 500 " - Ji i Cc. = 15 minims.

, u^- = ;,J rr , cm. = 15 gr. 2 » =30 "

7 " = ,«ff •' 2 " = 30 " 4 Cc. = I fl. dr.

4 " = ^ «' 3 " = 45 " 8 " = 2 '' "

5 " = tV " 4 " = 60 " 16 " =4 " "

8 " = i " I u ^ ''° i! 30 Cc. = ~ I fl. oz.

15 " = i " —3? = L££l 120 " = 4" "

30 " = ^ " .008 Cc. =|mimm. ^50 " = 12 " "

45 " = i " -05 " =1 "

Explain the signification of the Micromillimetre and the Kilo:

Micromillimetre (Mkm.) is a term used in microscopy, and signifies the
one-thousandth part of a millimetre. Kilo is merely an abbreviation of
the word kilogramme, and is used for convenience and brevity.

How to convert metric weights or measures into those in or-
dinary use : Multiply the metric quantities by the corresponding equiva-
lent. Ex.: To convert —

Metres into inches, multiply by 39.370

Litres into fluidounces " " 33.815

Cubic Centimetres into fluidounces, " " 0.0338

" " " Imperial fluid-
ounces, " " 0.0352

Grammes into grains, " " 15-432

Decip^mmes into grains, " " 1-5432

Centigrammes " " " " .15432

Milligrammes " " ** ** .015432

How to convert the weights and measures in ordinary use into
metric weights and measures: Multiply the quantities by the cor-
responding metric equivalent. Kx.: To convert —

Inches into metres, multiply by 0.0254

Fluidounces into cubic centimetres, " " 29.572

Grains into grammes " " 0,0648

Avoirdupf>is ounces into grammes, " " 28.3495

Troy " " 31-1035

See table of equivalent weights and measures employed by U. S.
Coast and Geodetic Survey in back of this book.

Balance: An instrument for determining the relative weight of sub-
stances

Balances: There are fiv^ kinds; i. Single beam, equal arm. 2.

8 PHARMACY.

Single beam, unequal arm. 3. Double beam, unequal arm. 4. Com-
pound lever balances. 5. Torsion balances.

Construction, requirements, and tests of each : i. Single Beam,
Equal Arm. — Construction. — A beam is suspended on a knife-edge,
which divides it into equal arms; end knife-edges are placed at each
end of the beam, on the same plane and at equal distances from the
point of suspension, for supporting the pans which carry the substances
to be weighed.

Requirements. — i. "When the beam is in a horizontal position, the
center of gravity should be slightly below the point of support, or central
knife-edge, and perpendicular to it." 2. "The end knife-edges must
be exactly equal distances from the central knife-edge; they must all
be in the same plane, and the edges absolutely parallel to each other."
3. "The beam should be inflexible, but as light in weight as possible,
and the knife-edges in fine balances should bear upon the agate planes."

Test. — I. Sensibility with unloaded pans: i. Place the balance in posi-
tion on a perfectly level counter or table; elevate the beam so that it is
free to oscillate; when the balance comes to rest, place the smallest
weight to which it is sensitive upon the right-hand pan, to which the
balance should immediately respond. 2. Sensibility with loaded pans:
Place the full weight the balance is designed to carry on the pans, then
on one pan place the smallest weight, as before. The balance should
respond in a decided manner. 3. Equality of arms: Load the pans to
half their capacity, perfecting the equilibrium, if necessary, with a piece
of tin-foil. Now reverse the weights, and if the equilibrium is still
maintained, the arms of the beam are equal. 4. Parallelism in knife-
edges: Moderately load and balance the pans. Now shift one of the
larger weights in different positions on the edge of the pan, carefully
noting any variation in equilibrium, if such occur. This variation in
dicates a want of parallelism in the knife-edges.

2. Single Beam, Unequal Arm. — Construction. — This can be seen by
inspecting the well-known Fairbanks scales. It depends on the principle
in physics, ' * The power is to the weight or resistance in the inverse ratio
of the arms of the lever." The longer arm of the beam is graduated for
a movable weight, the use of which dispenses with small weights, which
is a decided advantage.

3. Double Beam, Unequal Arm. — Construction. — Same as the above,
but with two parallel beams. Employed for weighing liquids, etc., the
outside beam being used to tare the bottle or jar.

4. Compound Lever Balances. — Well shown in the Fairbanks plaf-
form scales, used for druggists' counters and sometimes for prescription
scales. Tromner has an excellent scale for weighing liquids on this
principle.

5. Torsion Balances. — A compound beam is balanced and sup-
ported upon an immovable center frame, upon which a flattened gold
wire is stretched with powerful tension; the beam is prevented from
slipping out of place, and the torsion is secured, by the gold wire being
firmly fastened to the under side of the beam; upon the ends of the
beam are fastened the movable frames which support the pans. There
is a simple method of arresting the motion by moving the lever, and

SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 9

the delicacy of the balance is increased by placing a weight upon ttie
index, whereby the center of gravity is elevated. Knife-edges are done
away with entirely.

How Balances may be protected : By enclosing them in glass cases
with convenient sliding dcx)rs.

How liquids are measured: In graduated vessels; vessels of tinned
copper, tinned iron, and enameled sheet iron, called agate, are usually
employed for quantities larger than one pint; but glass measures are
preferable for quantities of one pint or less. The former are generally
made larger at the bottom than at the top; the latter are either conical,
with apex at the bottom, or cylindrical, and graduated on the sides. It
is better that the marking be on both sides of the graduate.

How to test a glass graduate : Place it upon a perfectly level surface,
then pour into it 455.7 grains distilled water at 15.6° C. (60° F.). This
should measure one fluidounce; or, measure into the graduate 30 Cc.
of water (29.57 Cc.) for a fluidounce.

Graduated Pipette : A glass tube graduated on the side, with a con-
stricted point. It is used by applying suction to the upper end, and
holding the liquid in the tube by placing the finger on the upper end
while reading off the contents.

Meniscus : Owing to capillary attraction, the top of the liquid in a
graduated pipette presents a cup shape. This is called a meniscus. A
line drawn through the bottom of the meniscus is usually selected as
the reading point.

Size of a drop : Erroneously, a drop is supposed to be a minim ; but
though this may be approximately true when applied to water, it is
not true in regard to any other liquid. Thick, viscous liquids produce
large drops; heavy, mobile liquids small ones. A drop of syrup of
acacia is five times as large as a drop of chloroform. The shape and
surface from which the drop is poured also influences its size.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

Specific Gravity : The comparative weight of bodies of equal bulk.
It is ascertained by weighing the bodies with an equal bulk of pure water
at a given temperature and atmospheric j)rtssure, whic h is taken as one.

How to obtain the Specific Gravity of a body : To obtain the spe-
rifi« gravity of a Ixxly, it is only neces.sary to balance it with an equal
bulk of the standard, and ascertain how many times the weight of the
standard is contained in its weight. Ex. ; A fluidounce of water (stand-
ard) weighs 455.7 grains; a fluidounce of lime-water weighs 456.3 grains;
456.3 -^ 455-7 "" J. 00 1 5, that i.s, the lime-water weighs 1.0015 times
more than water, bulk for bulk. In other words, its specific gravity
is 1. 001 5. A fluidounce of alcohol weighs 422.8; 422.8 -^ 445.7 — 0.928,
s{K-( ifir gravity.

General rule for finding Specific Gravity : Divide the weight of
the IxkIv by the weight of an equal bulk of water; the quotient will
Ix? the sjx"cific gravity.

Method usually adopted to ascertain the weight of the equal
bulk of water in taking the Specific Gravity of solids : A solid body

10 PHARMACY.

immersed in water will displace its own bulk; it is required to find out
the weight of this equal bulk of water. This might be ascertained by
immersing the body in a vessel of water already full, then saving and
weighing the displaced water which runs over. But there is a better
way of finding out. Archimedes filled his bath-tub too full of water,
one day, and it overflowed when he got into it. This led him to ex-
periment, and he found that when weighed in water he lost as much
weight as the water he displaced weighed. It is only necessary, then,
to weigh a body first in air, then in water, and note its loss of weight
when weighed in the latter medium. This loss is evidently the weight
of an equal bulk of water. By our rule, we divide the weight of the
body by the weight of an equal bulk of water; and it follows that it
is the same thing to say : divide the weight of the body by its loss of
weight in water, for that loss is the weight of an equal bulk of water.
The quotient will be the specific gravity.

How to take the Specific Gravity of a body heavier than water :
Four methods are used. First method: Accurately weigh the substance
and note the weight. Now suspend the body from the hook at the end
of the scale-beam with a horse-hair, so it shall hang a little above the
scale-pan; next, place a small wooden bench in such a manner that
it shall straddle the scale-pan, but not touch it; place a small beaker
on the bench, partly filled with water, in which submerge the suspended
body, noting the loss of weight by the use of proper weights on the
opposite scale-pan; after which apply the rule already given. Ex.:
Weight of a piece of copper in the air, 805.5 grains; weight in water,
715.5 grains; loss of weight, 90 grains. 805.5 -^ 90 = 8.95, sp. gr.
Second method: With the specific gravity bottle. Add 1000 to the
weight of the substance in the air. Now drop it into a looo-grain
specific gravity bottle, fill the bottle with water and weigh again. Sub-
tract the 2d sum from the ist sum, and the difference is the loss of weight
in water. Now apply the rule. Ex. : A piece of aluminum wire weighs
100 grains in the air. 100+ 1000= iioo. Dropped in a looo-grain
specific gravity bottle, and the bottle filled with water, the weight of
both is 1062. Then iioo — 1062 = 38 grains, the loss of weight in
water. 100 -1- 38 = 2.63, specific gravity. Third method: With the
graduated tube. Drop the substance into a tube graduated so that
each space shall indicate a grain or gramme of water, and note how
much higher the liquid rises in the tube, which is the weight of an equal
bulk of the substance. This known, apply the rule. Fourth method:
By immersing the solid in a transparent liquid of the same density.
Drop the solid in a liquid of sufficient density to float it, then reduce
its density with water until the solid neither rises nor sinks, but swims
indifferently. The specific gravity of the liquid and solid will now be
the same. Take out the solid and find the specific gravity of the liquid
with the specific gravity bottle.

How to proceed if the solid were soluble in water : Use oil or
some other liquid in which the solid is not soluble, as though it were
water, then, by the following proportion, find the loss of weight in water;
as the specific gravity of oil is to the specific gravity of water, so is the
loss of weight in oil to the loss of weight in water. Then apply the rule.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 11

How to take the Specific Gravity of a solid lighter than water :
Force the substance under water by attaching a heavier body to it.
First weigh both in the air, then both in water, and the difference will
be the loss of both in water. A simple- subtraction will gire the loss of
weight of one. Then apply the rule.

Apparatus for taking the Specific Gravity of a liquid ; A specific
gravity bottle, hydrometer, or specific gravity beads.

How to construct a Specific Gravity bottle : A bottle with a long,
slim neck is counterpoised by an appropriate weight, and distilled water
at the appropriate temperature, 15° C. (60° F.) poured in until it con-
tains 1000 grains. The height reached by the water in the neck is then
scratched thereon with a file, and it is ready for use.

Specific Gravity beads : Little pear-shaped, hollow globes of glass,
loaded at the apex, and arranged to float indifferently in licjuids of the
specific gravity for which they are gauged, but to sink or swim in liquids
that are lighter or heavier than they are.

Directions for using the Specific Gravity bottle for taking the
Specific Gravity of Liquids : Counterpoise the bottle and fill it to the
mark with the liquid to be examined. The number of grains the liquid
weighs, properly pointed off decimally, is its specific gravity. A looo-gr.
specific gravity bottle will hold 11 60 grains of hydrochloric acid. Point
off decimally 1.160, which is the specific gravity of hydrochloric acid. A
lOoo-gr. specific gravity bottle will hold 750 grains of ether. Point off
decimally 0.750, thus showing the relation to the specific gravity of water, i.

When a bottle of any size is substituted for the lOoo-gr. bottle,
the following equation will give the specific gravity: As the number
of grains of water the bottle holds is to 1000 (the specific gravity of water),
.so is the number of grains of liquid it holds, to the specific gravity of
the liquid.

Hydrometer: As now constructed, the hydrometer usually "con-
sists of a glass tube loaded at the bottom with mercury or small shot,
having a bulb blown in it just above the loaded end." The principle
of its action depends upon the fact that a solid body floating in a liquid
displaces a volume of liquid exa( tlv equal to its own weight.

Two general classes of Hydrometers: First, those for liquids
heavier than water; second, those for lifjuids lighter than water. The
first class are called by the French Pese-Acide, or Pese-Sirop, and the
second class Pese-FisbrU.

Other class of Hydrometers in use : Those intended to sink, by
the addition of weights, to a given mark on the stem, and thus displace
a constant volume.

Baum6 Hydrometer : The instrument devised by Baum^ is peculiar
only in so far as its system of graduation is concerned. This was made
in the fcjilowing manner: First, /or liquids heavier than water, the in-
strument was loaded with suflficient mercury to sink it in water to a
convenient point near the top, which was marked o. It was then placed
in a 15 per cent, salt solution, and the point at which it rested marked
15; the interspace between o and 15 was now marked off into 15 equal
spaces, and the .stale below extencJed by marking off similar spaces.
Second, for liquids lighter than water, a 10 per cent, salt .solution was
used, and the instrument loaded to sink into it to a point just above

12 PHARMACY.

the bulb, which was marked o. It was then allowed to sink in water,
and the point of rest marked lo. The interspace between o and lo
was now divided into lo equal spaces, and the scale above extended
by marking off equal spaces.

Objection to Baum^'s Hydrometer : The graduations are entirely
arbitrary, necessitating computation to determine the corresponding
specific gravity.

Hydrometer which is rapidly taking its place : The Specific Grav-
ity Hydrometer; the graduations upon the stem indicating at once the
specific gravity.

Urinometer, saccharometer, elaeometer (for fixed oils), and alcohol-
ometer, are hydrometers for the special purposes indicated by their
names.

SPECIFIC VOLUME.

Specific Volume : The volume of one body compared with the vol-
ume of an equal weight of another body selected as its standard, both
bodies having the same temperature. Directly opposite specific gravity.
Temperature chosen, usually 25° C. (77° F.).

Rule to obtain the Specific Volume of a Liquid: Divide the volume
of the given weight of the liquid by the volume of an equal weight of
water, or divide the sp. gr. of water (i.ooo) by the sp. gr. of the liquid.
Ex. ; 1403 Gm. of HNO3 measure 1000 Cc. and 1403 Gm. of H2O measure
1403 Cc; then 1000 -~ 1403 = 0.7127, sp. vol. of HNO3.

Rule to obtain the Volume of a Given Weight of a Liquid:
Multiply the volume of an equal weight of water by the sp. vol. of the
liquid. Ex.: How many fl. oz. are there in 100 oz. av. of HNOj?
100 oz. av. of HjO measure 96.21 fl. oz.; then 96.21 X 0.7127 = 68.56 -|-
fl. oz. of HNO3.

HEAT.

Heat : Heat is molecular motion.

Furnace : A species of stove for generating heat.

Elements of a Furnace : The air-flue, combustion-chamber, and vent
or chimney.

Proportion which they should bear to each other : The special
object sought in constructing the furnace must determine the propor-
tions these shall bear to each other.

Best fuel for generating heat : Anthracite coal.

How much air is required to bum one pound of coal : Theo-
retically, 150 cubic feet; practically, twice that.

Liquids used for fuel in pharmacy, and on what their heating
power depends : Alcohol, petroleum or coal oil, and benzin or gasolene.
They all contain C and H (alcohol, 34 per cent. O in addition), on
which their heating depends.*

Illuminating Gas : A mixture of carburetted hydrogen (CH^), which
is its principal constituent, with considerable hydrocarbons, hydrogen,
carbon dioxide and monoxide, aqueous vapors, and traces of oxygen
and nitrogen.

* For special apparatus for developing heat for pharmaceutical manipulations, see
Remington's " Practice of Pharmacy."

HEAT. 13

How it may be fitted for heating purposes: By mixing it with
air. This is done by admitting air below the flame, using special ap-
paratus for this purpose.

Bunsen Burner : A brass tube, four inches high, with four large
circular holes near the base, to admit the air, which may be regulated
by a perforated brass ring which surrounds the tube, is supported by
a metal pedestal, and connected with a gas fixture by a tube. The
coal-gas admitted mixes with the air, and burns at the top of the tube
with an intensely hot, colorless flame.

How to measure heat : By the thermometer.

Electricity as a Source of Heat : Small electric stoves are provided,
to be attached to the wire supplying the electric lights. The current
flows through fine wires of high resisting powers embedded in fire-proof
insulating cement in the baise of the stove. The heat is produced by
the resistance, and warms the top plate.

Thermometer : A thermometer consists of a glass tube with capillary
bore sealed at one end, and the other end terminating in a bulb. The
bulb is filled with mercury or other fluid, which, being expanded by
heat, rises in the tube and indicates the degree of heat, either on an
index scratched on the tube itself, or marked on a piece of paper against
which the tube is placed.

Three scales for marking thermometric degrees now in use:
The scales are, i. Centigrade; 2. Fahrenheit, and 3. Reaumur. In
the Centigrade scale, the freezing-point of water is zero, the boiling-
point 100°, and the intervening space is divided into 100 equal parts
called degrees. In the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing-point of water is
32°, the boiling-pfjint 212°, and the intervening space is divided into
180 equal parts called degrees. In the Reaumur scale, the freezing-point
is zero, and the bf)iling-point 80°.

Ratio the three scales bear to each other, and how to convert
the scale of one into the other : Ratio. 5.9:4.

FORMUL.C FOR THE CONVERSION OF DEGREES OF ONE THERMO-
METRIC SCALE INTO THOSE OF ANOTHER.— /l//;i<W.
F. - Fahrenheit. C. = Centigrade. R. = Reaumur. D. = Observed Degree.

If abwe the freezing-point of water (33" F.;
0° C; o" R.).

F intoC (D — 3a)+9X 5

F. " R (D-3a)-»-9X 4

C. " F D ■*■ 5X9+3*

R. " F D + 4 X9+33

If below o" F. (— ir.TT* €.;— i4.aa» R.).
F.inloC — <D + 32) -J- 0 X S

If below freezing, but above 0° F. ( — 17.7;
C; —14.22" R.).

F. into C —(3a — D) + 0 X 5

F. " R — (32 — D) -4- 9 X 4

C. •• F 3a— (D +5X9)

R. '* F 33— (D -f- 4X9)

For all degrees,

C.intoR D -5-5X4

R. " C D -f- 4 X 5

fp -I- 3a) -H9 X 4

^- ■; £ -SR-*- 5 X9)-3a

R. * F — <D->- 4 X9)— 3a

RULES.

1. To convert Centigrade degrees into those of Fahrenheit above 32,
multiply by 1.8 and add 32.

2. To convert Fahrenheit degrees above 32 into those of Centigrade,

subtrart 32 and dividr by r.8.

How to select a thermometer: Choose one made of glass, thick

14 PHARMACY.

enough to be strong, but thin enough to be delicate, with graduations
marked on tube, which should be of equal diameter throughout, with
flat or eUiptical, perfectly uniform bore. It should be free from air,
which may be tested by inverting the instrument and seeing that the
mercury descends to the lowest part of the tube.

Melting-point : Temperature at which a substance melts or fuses.
Use : Means of identifying a body or proving its purity.

Blow -pipe, and how used: A slightly conical, gradually tapering
metallic or glass tube, covered at the smaller end, and having a minute
orifice at that end for producing a blast. When used, an unremitting
current of air is forced through the tube from the mouth, by keeping
the cheeks distended with air, and constantly supplying fresh air from
the lungs, as needed.

Nature of the blow-pipe blast : First, it has an intense heat. Sec-
ond, when used with a luminous flame, the interior of the blow-pipe
blast, owing to the carbon not being wholly oxidized, has the power
of reducing oxides. It is, therefore, called the reducing flame. The
outer part of the blast has the opposite or oxidizing property, and is
called the oxidizing flame.

What the blow-pipe is used for in Pharmacy : Used for bending
and working glass, testing fusible chemical substances, in soldering, etc.

Crucible, and for what used : A crucible is a cup-shaped vessel,
intended to withstand a powerful heat. Clay, plumbago, porcelain,
iron, silver, and platinum, are some of the materials employed for cruci-
bles. Platinum ranks first, plumbago second, the Hessian crucible next,
though quite inferior; then come the more fragile porcelain and wedg-
wood crucibles, which must be gradually cooled, to prevent breakage.

Eight processes in Pharmacy require the application of high
heat: i. Ignition. 2. Fusion. 3. Calcination. 4. Deflagration. 5.
Carbonization. 6. Torrejaction. 7. Incineration. 8. Sublimation.

Description of each of these processes: i. Ignition consists in
strongly heating solid or semi-solid substances to obtain a definite residue.

Ex. : The official quantitative tests for purified sulphide of antimony,
phosphoric acid, etc.

2. Fusion is the process of liquefying solid bodies by heat. Ex. : Melt-
ing of iron or lead, or of wax.

3. Calcination is the process of driving off volatile substances, such
as gas or water, from inorganic matter, by heat without fusion. Ex.:
Magnesia, lime, etc., prepared by calcination.

4. Deflagration is the process of heating one inorganic substance with
another capable of yielding oxygen (usually a nitrate or a chlorate);
decomposition ensues, accompanied by a violent, noisy, or sudden com-
bustion. Ex. : Salts of As and Sb made by this process.

5. Carbonization is the process of heating organic substances without
the access of air, until they are charred. The volatile products are driven
off, but combustion is prevented. Ex. : Charcoal is made in this way.

6. Torrefaction is the process of roasting organic substances. The
constituents are modified but not charred. Ex. : The roasting of coffee.
Torrefl^d Rhubarb is obtained in this way. It loses its cathartic proper-
ties by this process, but retains its properties as an astringent.

7. Incineration means the burning of organic substances to ashes in

HEAT.

15

air. The ash is the part sought. Ex. : Determining the amount of fixed
matter in organic substances by burning them and examining the ashes.

8. Sublimation is the process of distilling solid volatile substances from
non-volatile substances. Ex. : Camphor is separated from strips of v^ood
from the camphor tree in this way.

Various forms of apparatus used to modify and control heat :
The water-bath, salt-water bath, sand-bath, oil-bath, glycerin-bath, etc.

Limit of range of the several forms of bath: The water-bath
can only be used for temperatures below ioo° C. (212° F.). Saturated
salt solution boils at 108.4° C. (227.1° P.), which degree limits the range
of the salt-water bath. Glycerin may be heated to 250° C. (480° F.)
without much inconvenience from the Acrolein, which is produced when
that substance is raised nearly to the boiling-point. The oil-bath is de-
signed to furnish a regulated temperature below 260° C. (500° F.), and
the sand-bath may be used at any temperature.

Theory for the use of Steam in pharmaceutical operations:
Matter exists in three forms, solid, liquid, and gaseous, depending upon
the degree of distance between its molecules. Heat is but another name
for molecular motion (possibly atomic motion also). Increase molecular
motion, and molecular distance is increased to give room between the
molecules for that motion. Cohesion holds molecules together. Heat,
therefore, works against cohesion. If water is heated until its molecules
are driven far apart, it becomes steam, and its molecules are now in
very rapid vibration. If brought into contact with a cool surface, that
is, a surface of slower molecular vibration, it imparts its motion to that
surface, and the steam is condensed — its motion is lost, and it returns to
the condition of fluid again. But by imparting its heat (motion) to the
surface with which it came in contact, this surface becomes heated. The
molecular motion of the surface becomes as great as the steam when equi-
librium is attained and the temperature of the surface remains constant.
As hot steam can be transported long distances by insulated pipes,
it becomes a convenient means of heating surfaces at a distance from
the fire, and the pressure of the steam being under perfect control, the
temperature may be regulated with great exactness. ^

Two forms in which steam is used for heating : Steam without
pressure, and steam under pressure, or superheated steam.

T.XBLE OF THE TE.MPERATURE.S OF SUPERHEATED STEAM.

Prbmvbc.

Tempebatuke or Steam.

PtESSUIE,

Teicperature Of Steam.

P^iKbper

Pounds per

Square Inch.

C.

F.

Square Inch.

C.

F.

14 7

lOO*

»'»\

55

1416*

a87\

17

io4.a*

ai9.6»

60

I44-7'

a9a.7*

90

IO8.S0

338*

65

I47.?«

^\

aj

"3*

ajsV

70

150.5"

303 .9»

35

115^

a40.i!

21

i53'

307-4*

JO

l2i.r

»50.4*

1 5 7. 8*

3""

35

i.6.a-

aSQ'Sl

85

3i6.i»

40

130.7*

»<>7.f

90

i6o"

330«

4S

134^

a74.4-

OS

ifia.a*

i2A\

5 '5

138.3*

j8i4>*

loe

I64.4*

3a 7.0'

16 PHARMACY.

Advantage of steam under pressure: Steam under pressure is
hotter because more heat is required to raise water to the condition
of vapor against increased pressure.

The way steam may be used under pressure for evaporation:
By means of jacketed kettles.*

How the heating surface may be increased in such kettles : By
combining the kettle with a steam coil.

Other purposes for which steam coils are used : For heating apart-
ments, drying ovens, evaporating dishes placed upon them, and for
boiling water, by placing a steam coil in the water.

OPERATIONS REQUIRING HEAT.

Vaporization : The operation of increasing molecular motion by
heat until matter assumes the form of vapor or gas.

Explanation of what is meant by the various terms, Evapora-
tion, Distillation, Desiccation, Exsiccation, Granulation, Sub-
limation: In the vaporization of liquids, when the object sought is
the fixed part, the process is called evaporation. When it is the volatile
part that is sought, it is called distillation. If solids are vaporized, when
the fixed part is sought, the process is called desiccation, or exsiccation,
and when furnished in a granular condition, granulation, but if the
volatile part is sought, it is called sublimation.

Ebullition, or boiling : A violent agitation in a liquid produc ed when
it is heated from the fluid to the gaseous condition. The heat acts first
on that portion of liquid resting against the heated surface, converting
a portion into steam, which rises in the form of bubbles, which break
on the surface of the liquid.

What is meant by the boiling-point of a liquid : The temperature
at which it boils. Each liquid has its specific boiling-point as well as
its specific weight. Liquids evaporate more or less at all temperatures,
hence there seems to be no specific evaporating-point, but there is a
specific point where ebullition commences.

What is meant by the tension of vapor : The molecules of which
vapor is composed repel each other, but are held together by cohesion
and atmospheric pressure. Matter is, therefore, said to exist in a state
of tension. The repelling force may be heat; at any rate, by increasing
heat, or molecular motion, the repelling force is increased. Heat, there-
fore, is a force working against cohesion and atmospheric pressure, to
force the molecules apart.

How advantage may be taken of the knowledge of tension to
increase the rapidity of evaporation : By removing the pressure of
the atmosphere from a liquid and increasing its molecular motion —
viz., heating it — evaporation is hastened.

What important factor plays a part in the evaporation of a
liquid in the open air : The degree of moisture already in the air.

In evaporating liquids at the boiling-point, temperature, press-

* For various forms of jacketed kettles, boilers, etc., for using steam in pharmaceuti-
cal operations see Remington's " Pharmacy."

OPERATIONS REQUIRING HEAT. 17

urc, etc., being equal, what determines the rapidity ©f evapora-
tion : The amount of surface exposed to the heat.

What determines the rapidity of evaporation under like cir-
cumstances below the boiling-point : The amount of surface ex-
posed to the air.

How to apply this knowledge : By selecting suitable vessels for
evaporation, and employing various devices to increase the heating
surface, or the surface exposed to the air, depending upon the method
of evaporation chosen.

Vacuum pan : A covered evaporating pan, with an air pump, con-
denser, etc., for removing the pressure of the atmosphere while con-
ducting the process of evaporation, thus enabling the liquid to boil at
a lower temperature.

Evaporating chamber: A species of "fume-closet," built into a
chimney breast, provided with gas-burners, etc., for conducting evap-
oration.

Spontaneous evaporation : Evaporation of a liquid at the ordinary
temperature of the atmosphere, or without the application of strong
direct heat. Conducted in drying-rooms or closets, or by using a tripod
with long legs over a stove, or evaporating over a register.

How to protect a vessel from unequal heating by the flame
when evaporating by direct heat : By a piece of wire gauze between
it and the flame.

How to evaporate a liquid to a fixed weight : Use a tared dish,
and weigh both dish and contents when required.

How to evaporate to a fixed volume : Use a graduated evaporating
dish, and evaix)rate to the required volume.

How to mark the evaporating dish to determine the required
volume : Dishes may be b^)ught already graduated, or graduated in
the laborator)', either by marking the dish on the inside or pasting a
strip of paper to the inside, marked with the required measure. A strip
of wood placed across the top of the dish, perforated in the middle for
a glass thermometer, can be used for graduating purposes, by tying a
string on the thermometer to indicate the desired level.

Hood : A contrivance connected with a chimney to place over evap-
orating dishes, etc., to conduct away vafK>rs.

Grommet : A cin ular bit of rublx^r hose upon which a round-bot-
tomrrl dish may be placed to keep it from turning over.

Distillation : The operation of separating one liquid from another,
or a liquid from a .solid, by vaporization and condensation, the volatile
part being the object sought.

About how much water is required to condense steam at ioo°
C. C2I2^ F.): .'MKmt twentv-five times its weight of water at 20° C'.
(68° F.).

The two typical forms of apparatus used in distillation : First,
the alrmhic consists of a head or dome, in whi( h the vapors generated
in the body or cucurhil are condenser! anrl run into a gutter at the base
of the dome, and arc carried off by a pipe. The use of the alembic in
its original form is nearly obs<^)lete. Second, the retort <f)nsisls of a
long-necked flask, with the neck bent at right angles with the body of
3

18 PHARMACY.

the flask. When the flask has a tuhiilure, or orifice at the top of the
body, for the purpose of introducing the liquid to be distilled, it is called
a tubulated retort. Other materials, besides glass, arc used for making
retorts.

How to select a retort : For very volatile liquids a deep retort is
preferable. The bottom of the neck should form an acute angle with
the body. The tubulure should be situated well back, to admit a funnel
without striking the bottom of the neck. The neck should taper gradu-
ally, permitting the use of a rubber ring, to form a tight joint between
it and the condenser, the ring being made tight by forcing it up the
gradually tapering neck. The glass should neither be too thick nor
too thin, well annealed, and free from scratches, bubbles, and imper-
fections.

How to improvise an ordinary flask for distillation: Select a
flat-bottomed flask, with a wide mouth, to admit a large-sized rubber
stopper containing a wide, bent tube, to act as a neck, a thermometer,
and a safety or changing tube. The joints are made tight by luting them.

Lute: Various pastes, which harden when dry, and serve to make
joints vapor-proof, are called lutes. Flax-seed meal poured into boiling
water and stirred into a paste is generally used.

How glass tubes may be connected with each other : By rubber
tubing, or pieces of bladder moistened and wrapped around the proposed
joint, and tying with strong linen twine.

Receivers : Glass vessels, usually globular in shape, for receiving
distillates. Three kinds are used — plain, tubulated, and quilled. The
tubulure is to prevent explosions, and the quill to allow the distillate
to escape, for the purpose of measuring it as it condenses.

Adapters: Tapering tubes of glass, used to connect retorts with
receivers.

How to charge a retort: A plain retort should be charged with a
long-beaked funnel, reaching well down into the body of the retort.
Place a funnel in the tubulure, to charge a tubulated retort.

How retorts are supported: By retort stands, of which there are
several patterns.

What is meant by bumping, and how it may be prevented:
Certain explosions occurring in a liquid when it is boiled. It may be
prevented by placing some pieces of broken glass in the retort.

Liebig's Condenser : Two long tubes, the smaller inside the larger,
and sufficient space between them to allow the free circulation of water,
are kept in place by rubber rings between them at each end of the ap-
paratus. The inside tube is longer, to allow it to be connected at one
end with a retort, and the other end with a receiver. The apparatus
is inclined at an angle on a stand, and, when in use, cold water is cir-
culated between the tubes, entering at an orifice situated at the lower
end, and escaping at a similar orifice situated at the top, thus condensing
the vapors passing through the inner tube.

Still : Various forms of apparatus embracing the principles of the
alembic and retort, either singly or combined, used for distillation, are
called stills. When the neck of the retort is prolonged into a coil and
immersed in water to condense the vapors, it is called a worm.

OPERATIONS NOT REQUIRING HEAT. 19

Sublimation : The process of distilling volatile solids. The product
is called a sublimate.

Description of the product: First, Cake sublimate; second,
Powder sublimate: When the volatile product condenses at a tem-
perature but slightly lower than the condensing point, the deposit is
made slowly and a large cake of crystals is produced. But if the vapor
is condensed rapidly in a cold temperature, a powder results. Retorts
and hoods of various patterns are used for sublimation, or the vapor
may be condensed in chambers specially arranged for the purpose.

Desiccation : The operation of drying medicinal substances.

The three objects for drying medicmal substances : i. To aid in
preserving them. 2. To reduce their bulk. 3. To facilitate their com-
minution. The of)eration is effected by various forms of ovens and
drying closets, described in works on pharmacy.

OPERATIONS NOT REQUIRING HEAT.

Comminution : The process of tearing drugs to pieces or reducing
them to powder.

Some of the processes for comminuting drugs : Cutting, rasping,
grating, chopping, contusing, rolling, stamping, grinding, powdering,
triturating, levigating, elutriating, granulating, ct( .

Instruments used for cutting, slicing, or chopping: Pruning-
knife, pruning-shears, tobacco-knife, or herb-cutter.

Instrument used for grating : Half-round rasp.

Instruments used for contusion : Iron pestle and mortar, or the
pestle and mortar may be made of wood or marble.

Meaning of the terms Grinding and Pulverizing : Grinding means
reducing substances to coarse particles. Pulverizing means reducing
to fine particles.

Drug Mill : \ mill for comminuting drugs.

Four general divisions of drug mills : Burr-stone mills, roller
mills, ( baser mills, and hand mills.

Principle of each : A burr-stone mill consists of two disks of stone,
rubbing together, the approximating faces being cut in grooves, to
afford grinding surfaces

Roller mills consist of rollers revolving in opposite directions, the
distances between them being regulated by screws. They operate by
crushing, or cutting and crushing, and the rollers arc made smooth, or
with comigationji, .serrations, undulations, or crcnations, according to
the nature of the drug which is to be operated on.

Chaser mills consist of two heavy granite stones revolving on a circular
granite base, surrounrled by an iron curb. They operate by crushing
and by the friction engendered by the outer edge of the stone traveling
through a lr)nger di.stanc c than the inner crlge.

Hand mills arc divided into three ( las.scs, according to the arrange-
ment of their grinding .surfaces, which may be vertical, horizontal or
conical. They are made of iron, with grinding plates of hardened iron
or steel, and thumb-screws to regulate tnc distance between the grinding
faces.

20 PHARMACY.

Trituration : Rubbing substances to fine particles by means of a
pestle and mortar.

The process : Give the pestle a circular motion with downward
pressure. Commencing in the center of the mortar, work outward in
ever increasing circles till the side of the mortar is touched, then reverse
the motion and decrease the size of the circles till the center is reached.

How a pestle should fit its mortar: See that the pestle has as
much bearing on the interior surface of the mortar as its size will per-
mit, to secure as much triturating surface as possible.

Substances of which pestles and mortars for trituration are
composed : Wedgwood, porcelain, and glass.

Spatula : A flexible steel blade fi.xed in a handle, and used for various
purposes in pharmacy. In trituration it may be used to loosen up the
substance when it becomes packed upon the sides of the mortar. The
best form of spatula is that known as the balance handle.

Fineness of powders — how regulated : By sieves of various con-
struction, with meshes of different sizes, as required. It is important
that all portions of the sifted powder be thoroughly mixed, in order to
secure uniform composition.

Powders are known as very fine (sieve with 80 meshes to the linear
inch); fine (60 m. to 1. i.); moderaiely fine (50 m. to 1. i.); moderately
coarse (40 m. to 1. i.); coarse (20 m. to 1. i). These powders are also
known by number, as Nos. 80, 60, 50, 40, and 20, respectively. Iron
wire, brass wire, bolting cloth, and horsehair are the materials usually
chosen for sieves.

Levigation : " The process of reducing substances to a state of minute
division by triturating them after they have been made into paste with
water or other liquid." A slab and muUer is the apparatus used for
this process. When this is constructed of porphyr)% the process is
termed porphyrizafion.

Elutriation : If an insoluble powder be suspended in water the
heavier particles will precipitate first. By decantation of the liquid,
the finer portions may be separated. Prepared chalk is a familiar ex-
ample. The process of making the pasty mass obtained by elutriation
into little cones is called Trochiscation. A tinned iron cone, with a
handle, is used for this purpose. The handle has a short leg in the
center, which is tapped gently on a slab, upon which the substance
forced through the aperture at the bottom of the cone by the shock
falls, in the form of a little conical mass. Successive shocks are cm-
ployed, and the resulting conical masses deposited in this manner on
the slalD soon dry, the moisture being absorbed by the slab.

Pulverization by intervention : The process of reducing substances
to powder through the use of a foreign substance, from which the powder
is subsequently freed by some simple method. Ex. : Camphor may be
powdered with the aid of a few drops of alcohol. The foreign substance
is freed from the powder by subsequent evaporation.

SEPARATION OF FLUIDS FROM SOLIDS. 21

SOLUTION.

Solution : The permanent and complete incorporation of a solid
or gaseous substance with a liquid. The product is called a solution,
the liquid used a solvent, and if the solvent will dissolve no more of the
substance, the product is called a saturated solution.

Difference between simple and chemical solution: In simple
solution no change occurs in the chemical structure of the dissolved
substance (sugar in water); but in chemical solution the reverse is the
case. Ex. : The official solution of nitrate of mercury.

How solution of solids may be facilitated : By pulverizing the
substance the extent of surface exposed to the solvent is increased, and
by agitation the frequency of the contact is augmented, thus favoring
the rapidity of solution. Heat, by causing convection currents in the
liquid, facilitates solution, and as heat works against cohesion, it in-
creases the solubility of the substance.

Saturated solutions as solvents : A liquid saturated with one sub-
stance is still a solvent for another substance.

Effect of solution upon temperature : Simple solution lowers tem-
p)erature; chemical solution raises temperature.

Best manner of effecting the solution of a solid : Crush the sub-
stance in a mortar with the pestle, then pour on the solvent, continually
stirring the mixture.

Circulatory solution : If the substance be placed in a bag and sus-
pended in the solvent, a current will be engendered by the sinking of
the dissrjlved portion from the bag, its place being supplied by fresh
portions of the .solvent.

Solvents used in pharmacy : Water, first in importance, then Alco-
hol, Glycerin, Ether, Benzin, Chloroform, Bi.sulphide of Carbon, Acid,
and Oils, lake their resf>ective rank as solvents.

How to effect the solution of a gas in water: Apparatus is so
arranged that the gas first passes through a wash-b<ittle, by which it is
purified, and then allowed to bubble up through the solvent, which
absorbs a portion of it during the passage.

SEPARATION OF FLUIDS FROM SOLIDS.

Some of the processes for separating fluids from solids : Lotion,
Derantation, Colation, Filtration, Clarification, Expression, Percolation,
etr.

Lotion or displacement washing: The process of separating solu-
ble matter from a .solid, by p<iuring a liquid uj)on it, which will dissolve
and wash out the soluble jK>rtion. Ex.: The washing of a precipitate
in a funnel by means of a Spritz lx*ttle.

Various automati< apparatus for continuing washing arc described
in works on pharmacy.

Decantation : Separating a liquid from a sfA'ul by pouring it off.
This is sometimes better effected by a siphon.

Siphon : A siphon is an inverted U-tube, with one leg longer than

22 PHARMACY.

the other. It is first filled with the liquid, and the shorter arm immersed
in the liquid contained in the vessel, and a current established in this
way: The column of liquid in the shorter arm is overbalanced by the
column in the longer arm, thus causing a current to flow from the shorter
to the longer arm, the shorter arm dravnng a fresh supply from the
vessel, which is thus finally emptied.

Colation, or straining : The process of separating a solid from a
fluid, by pouring the mixture upon a cloth or porous substance, which
will permit the fluid to pass through, but will retain the solid.

Material used for constructing Strainers : Gauze, Muslin, Flannel,
Felt, etc.

Filtration : The process of separating liquids from solids, with the
view of obtaining the liquids in a transparent condition. Filters are
made of paper, paper pulp, sand, asbestos, ground glass, charcoal,
porous stone, etc.

Two general classes of paper filters: Plain and plaited. Plain
filters are used for retaining and washing precipitates; plaited filters for
ordinary filtering operations.

How paper filters are supported : In funnels.

Method for producing rapid filtration : Various methods are used,
such as suction with the mouth, or by a column of falling water, to pro-
duce a partial vacuum beneath the filter, and thus hasten the process
by increasing atmospheric pressure.

Clarification : The process of separating from liquids, without the
use of strainers or filters, solid substances which interfere with their
transparency.

Eight principal methods of clarification :

1. By the Application oj Heat. Heat, by diminishing the specific
gravity of viscid liquids, permits the precipitation of the heavier particles,
the lighter ones rising to the top. Boiling facilitates the separation, as
the minute bubbles of steam adhere to the particles, and rise with them
to form scum, which may be skimmed off.

2. By increasing the Fluidity of tlie Liquid. This may be done by
diluting it with water. Owing to the diminished specific gravity, the
heavier particles sink, and the liquid may then be decanted.

3. Throueh the use 0} Albumin. If albumin be added to the turbid
liquid, and heat applied, on coagulating it will envelop the particles, and
rise to the top with them. Skimming will remove the scum.

4. Through tite use of Gelatin. Gelatin will form with tannin an
insoluble compound, and where cloudiness is due to the presence of
tannin, will clapfy the liquid in this way.

5. Through the use of Milk. Acids will precipitate the casein of milk.
It is used in sour wines, etc., the precipitated casein carr>'ing with it
the insoluble particles.

6. Through the use of Paper Pulp. Agitate the liquid with the pulp
and let it stand till clear; or throw the whole on a muslin strainer; the
pulp will form an excellent filtering medium by partially closing the
meshes of the linen.

7. By Fermentation. Many substances soluble in the natural juices

I

CRYSTALLIZATION. 23

of plants are insoluble in the dilute alcoholic solutions resulting when
these juices are fermented and subside as deposits.

8. By subsidence through long standing. The deposit formed is called
a sediment.

Difference between a Sediment and a Precipitate : " Sediment is
solid matter separated merely by the action of gravity from a liquid
in which it has been suspended. A precipitate, on the other hand, is
soUd matter separated from a solution by heat, light, or chemical action."

Decoloration : The process of depriving liquids or solids in solution
of color by the use of animal charcoal.

How to separate Immiscible Liquids : By the use of a pipette, a
glass syringe, a separating funnel, or a Florentine receiver. A funnel
with a stop-cock to stop the flow as soon as the heavier liquid has all
passed through is called a separating funnel. A Florentine receiver,
used in the distillation of volatile oils, differs from an ordinar}' receiver
in havnng an overflow arranged to permit the escape of the condensed
water while retaining the volatile oil.

Precipitation: "The process of separating solid particles from a
solution by the action of heat, light, or chemical substances." The
solid particles separated are called the precipitate; the precipitate pro-
ducer, a precipitant; and the liquid remaining, supernatant liquid. A
precipitate may either fall or rise to the top of the supernatant liquid.
The physical characteristics of precipitates are described by the words
curdy, granular, fhcculent, gelatinous, crystalline, bidky, etc. A magma
is a thick, tenacious precipitate. Precipitation by heat is illustrated
by the coagulation and precipitation of albumin when albuminous fluids
are heated; and the precipitation of silver salts by light illustrates pre-
cipitation by light; and precipitation by chemical reaction occurs in a
large number of instances when making official chemical salts. Ex.:
the preparation of Prccip. C'arb. Calcium.

Objects of precipitation: i. A method of obtaining substances in
the form of pcjwder. 2. A method of purification. 3. A method of
testing chemicals. 4. A methcxl of separating chemical substances.

Vessels of glass called precipitating jars are made. They are larger
at the bottom than the top. Hot, dense .solutions usually produce heavy
precipitates, and the reverse is the case when dilute solutions are em-
ploy<(l. Precipitates may be collected in a funnel on filtering paper or
on strainers.

CRYSTALLIZATION.

Crystallization : The process of placing substances under the most
favorable f ircumstances for them to assume certain inherent geometrical
forms called crystals. Sulwtances that will not crystallize are called
amorphous. Crystallography is that department of knowledge devoted
to cr>'stals. The objects of crystallization are to increase the purity and
beauty of chemicals.

1. MEANING OF TERMS.

Paces — the planes bounding a crystal.

Edge — the intersection of two contiguous surfaces.

24 PHARMACY.

Angle — the intersection of three or more faces.

Perfect crystal — a crystal in which the faces, edges, or angles have
equal faces, edges, or angles opposite to them, and if the middle point
of the opposite faces or edges or the opposite angles be joined by straight
lines, the point at which these Unes intersect will be the center of the
crystals.

Axes — the lines drawn through the center of crystals.

Dimorphous, tritnorphous, polymorphous, etc. — when the same body
crystallizes in two or more forms belonging to different systems.

Isomorphous — when different substances crystallize in the same form.

Prismatic — crj'stals extended principally in the direction of their
longer axes.

Tabular — crystals with flat planes.

Lamince — crystals in the form of thin plates.

A cicular — needle-shaped.

Orthometric — those in which the three axes intersect at right angles.

Clinometric — those in which the axes intersect at oblique angles.

2. SYSTEMS.

Six different systems of crystallization are recognized. The word
system is used because "every crystallizable body assumes its own
characteristic form or some form directly derived from it by a single
law," so that several forms may belong to the same system.

I. Monometric or Regular. — The angles of equal length intersecting
at right angles.

II. Dimetric or Quadratic. — Three axes, two equal, the other different
in length, all intersecting at right angles.

III. Trimetric or Rhombic. — Three axes of unequal length intersecting
at right angles.

IV. Hexagonal or RhomboJtedric . — Four axes, three of equal length,
in the same plane, and inclined to one another at an angle of 60 degrees.
Fourth axis different length, and intersecting the planes of the other
three at right angles.

V. Monoclinic or Oblique Prismatic. — Three axes of unequal length;
two obliquely inclined to each other, the other axis forming right angles
with these two.

VI. Triclinic or Doubly-oblique Prismatic. — Three axes of unequal
length, all obliquely inclined to each other.

Cleavage : The tendency of crystals to split in one direction more
than another.

Method of obtaining crystals: i. By fusion and partial cooling
(sulphur, camphor, etc.). 2. Sublimation (corrosive sublimate). 3. Dep-
osition from hot, supersaturated solutions on cooling. 4. Deposition
during evaporation. 5. Galvanism (deposited while current is passing
through solution). 6. Precipitation. 7. By adding a solid substance
having a strong affinity for water. (If CaClj be added to a solution of
NaCl, the latter will crystallize out.)

Water of Crystallization : In the act of crystallizing, many sub-
stances combine with water. This is known as water of crystallization.

CRYSTALLIZATION. 25

The amount varies in the same crystal under different circumstances.
When cr\'stals lose their water of crystallization, and form a white
powder on their surfaces, they are said to effloresce. Crystals that absorb
water from the air are said to be hygroscopic. The act is called deli-
quescence when sufficient water is absorbed to liquefy the substance.

Mother liquor : The liquid remaining after the crystals have formed.

Granulation : The process of heating the solution of a chemical sub-
stance, with constant stirring, until the moisture has evaporated, and a
sabulous, coarse-grained powder is produced.

Granular Effervescent Salts : Three methods of preparation: i. The
old method consisted of mixing the dry powders with dry tartaric acid
and sodium bicarbonate, moistening with strong alcohol, passing the
pasty mass through a sieve, drying the granules in a hot room, sifting,
tilling, and hermetically sealing the bottles. 2. The improved method
dispenses with the alcohol and uses citric acid to replace part of the
tartaric acid. The molecule of water of crystallization is liberated when
citric acid is treated with sodium bicarbonate, furnishing sufficient water
to form the pasty mass, without much loss of CO2. Further chemical
action is prevented by quickly dr)'ing the granules. 3. E. F. Cook's
improved process (1903) consists of mixing the powders on a glass plate,
gently heating in an oven, manipulating with a wooden spatula, rubbing
through a sieve, and dr)'ing the granules in an oven.

Exsiccation : Depriving a solid crystalline substance of its water of
crystallization or moisture by heating it strongly.

Dialysis : The separation of crystallizable from non-crystallizable
substances by osmosis.

Dialyzer : A vessel with a parchment head, like a drum-head, at one
end, into which the substances to be separated are placed in the form
of solution. This is floated on distilled water, and by osmosis the crys-
tallizable substance transudes through the membrane into the water
below, leaving the non-crystallizable substance behind.

Crystalloids. — Crystallizable substances — sugar, salt, chemical sub-
stances.

Colloids. — Non-crystallizable substances — glue, gum, starch, dextrine,
etc.

Diffusatr. — The impregnated distilled water.

Extraction : The separation of the soluble principles from drugs by
treating them with a liquid in which the principles are soluble. The
solvent is (ailed a menstruum.

Five modes of extraction: i. Maceration and expression. 2. Per-
colation. 3. Digestion. 4. Infusion. 5. Dec<x:tlon.

Maceration : S<jaking a drug in a solvent until the soluble portions
are flisv)lv(d.

Expression : The process of forcibly separating licjuids from s«>li(ls.

Six mechanical principles employed in constructing presses:
I. Spiral-twist Press. 2. Screw Press. 3. Roller Press. 4. Wedge
Press. 5. Ix'ver Press. 6. Hydraulic Press. (For full descriptions
of these presses, see Remington's '* Pharmacy.")

Digestion : Maceration with gentle heat

26 PHARMACY.

PERCOLATION.

Percolation: Percolation, also called Displacement, is the process
whereby a powder contained in a suitable vessel is deprived of its solu-
ble constituents by the descent of a solvent through it.

Familiar example : The percolation of water through wood ashes,
by which it is exhausted of its potash, etc., the solution being known
as lye.

Use of this process in Pharmacy : It is used for extracting the
virtues of drugs, in the preparation of tinctures, fluid extracts, etc.

Percolator : A percolator is a cylindrical vessel with a porous dia-
phragm below, into which the drug, in the form of a powder, is intro-
duced, and its soluble portions extracted by the descent of a solvent
through it.

Rationale of the process : The solvent, which is poured on the top
of the powder, in passing downward exercises its solvent power on the
successive layers of the powder until saturated, and is impelled down-
ward by the combined force of its own gravity and that of the column
of liquid above, minus the capillary force with which the powder tends
to retain it.

Menstruum : The solvent is known technically by this name.

Percolate : The liquid coming from the percolator, impregnated
with the soluble principles of the drug.

Why percolation is also called the process of displacement :
Because it was first observed that ether, poured on powdered bitter
almonds, displaced the fi.xed oil which it contains without materially
mixing with it.

Condition in which the soluble principles exist in the powdered
drug, and the effect of the solvent upon them : The soluble princi-
ples in the powdered drug exist in a hard and dry condition, and are
generally contained in cells which are more or less disintegrated in
grinding. The solvent takes up first the principle liberated by grinding,
and afterward permeates the cells.

Why each succeeding portion of percolate is less highly colored
and less active than the one preceding it : Because the first portion
of menstruum, in its descent through the powder, has the first oppor-
tunity to come in contact with the -largest portions of the soluble princi-
ples, which are to be found in the finer dust scattered through the powder,
and in the thoroughly disintegrated particles, which offer but slight
resistance to the passage of the menstruum.

DIRECTIONS OF THE U. S. P. UPON PERCOLATION.

Percolation, as directed in this Pharmacopoeia, consists in subjecting
a substance, in powder, contained in a vessel called a percolator, to
the solvent action of successive proportions of menstruum in such a
manner that the Hquid, as it traverses the powder in its descent to the
receiver, shall be charged with the soluble portion of it, and pass from
the percolator free from insoluble matter.

When the process is successfully conducted, the first portion of the

PERCOLATION. 27

liquid, or percolate, passing through the percolator will be nearly satur-
ated with the soluble constituents of the substance treated; and if the
quantity of menstruum be sufficient for its exhaustion, the last portion
of the percolate will be nearly free from color, odor, and taste, other
than those of the menstruum itself.

The Percolator most suitable for the quantities contemplated by this
Pharmacopoeia should be nearly cylindrical, or slightly conical, with
a funnel-shaped termination at the smaller end. The neck of this
funnel end should be rather short, and should gradually and regularly
become narrower toward the orifice, so that a perforated cork, bearing
a short glass tube, may be tightly wedged into it from within until the
end of the cork is flush with the outer edge of the glass tube, which
must not project above the inner surface of the cork, should extend
from 3 to 4 Cm. beyond the outer surface of the cork, and should be
provided with a closely-fitting rubber tube, at least one-fourth longer
than the percolator itself, and ending in another short glass tube, whereby
the rubber tube may be so suspended that its orifice shall be above
the surface of the menstruum in the percolator, a rubber band holding
it in position.

The shape of a percolator should be adapted to the nature of the drug
to be operated upon. For drugs which are apt to swell, particularly
when a feebly alcoholic or an aqueous menstruum is employed, a conical
percolator is preferable. A cylindrical or only slightly tapering perco-
lator may be used for drugs which are not liable to swell, and when the
menstruum is strongly alcoholic, or when ether or some other volatile
liquid is used for extraction. The size of the percolator selected should
be in proportion to the quantity of drug to be extracted. When properly
packed in the percolator, the drug should not occupy more than two-
thirds its height. The percolator is best constructed of glass, but
unless otherwise directed, may be made of any suitable material not af-
fected by the drug or menstruum.

The percolator is prepared for percolation by gently pressing a small
tuft of cotton into the neck above the cork, and this may be moistened
by pouring a few drops of the men.struum upon the cotton, to facilitate
the passage of the first portion of |)er( olate, whi( h is often very dense.

Tne Process. — The powdered substance to be percolated (which
must be uniformly of the fineness directed in the formula, and should
be perfectly air-dry before it is weighed) is put in a basin, the specified
quantity of menstruum is poured on, and the |M>wder is thoroughly
stirred with a .sfiatula or other suitable instrument, until it af)pears
uniformly moistened. The moist powder is then passed through a
cfjarsc sieve — No. 40 powders, and those which arc finer, requiring a
No. 20 sieve; whilst No. 30 p<iwders refjuire a No. 15 sieve for this
purpose. Powders of a less degree of fineness usually df) not require
this additional treatment after the moistening. The moist powder is
now transferred to a sheet of thi< k pa|H-r, and the whole quantity [X)ured
from this to the percolator. It is then shaken down lightly and allowed
to remain in that condition for a jxrriod varying from fifteen minutes to
several hours, unless otherwise directed; after which the powder is
pressed, by the aid of a plunger of suitable dimensions, more or less

28 PHARMACY.

firmly, in proportion to the character of the powdered substance and
the alcoholic strength of the menstruum, strongly alcoholic menstruum,
as a rule, permitting firmer packing of the powder than the weaker.
The percolator is now placed in position for percolation, and the rubber
tube having been fastened at a suitable height, the surface of the powder
is covered by an accurately fitting disk of filtering paper, held in place
by a glass stopper or percolator weight, and a sufficient quantity of
the menstruum poured on through a funnel reaching nearly to the surface
of the paper. If these conditions are accurately observed, the menstruum
will penetrate the powder equally until it has passed into the rubber
tube and has reached, in this, a height corresponding to its level in the
percolator, which is now closely covered to prevent evaporation. The
apparatus is then allowed to stand at rest for the time specified in the
formula.

To begin percolation, the rubber tube is lowered and its glass end
introduced into the neck of a bottle previously marked for the quantity
of liquid to be received, if the percolate is to be measured, or of a tared
bottle if the percolate is to be weighed; and by raising or lowering this
recipient, the rapidity of percolation may be increased or lessened, as
may be desirable. A layer of menstruum must constantly be maintained
above the powder, so as to prevent the access of air to its interstices,
until all has been added, or the requisite quantity of percolate obtained.
This is conveniently accompHshed, if the space above the powder will
admit it, by inverting a bottle containing the entire quantity of men-
struum over the percolator in such a manner that its mouth may dip
beneath the surface of the liquid, the bottle being of such shape that
its shoulder will serve as a cover for the percolator.

When the dregs of a tincture, or of a similar preparation, are to be
subjected to percolation, after maceration with all or with the greater
portion of the menstruum, the liquid portion should be drained off as
completely as possible, the solid portion packed in a percolator, as before
described, and the liquid poured on, until all has passed from the surface,
when immediately a sufficient quantity of the original menstruum shall
be poured on to displace the retained liquid, until the prescribed quantity
has been obtained.

Repercolation. — Authority is given to employ, where it may be
applicable, the process of repercolation, without change of the initial
menstruum.

Rate of Flow. — It is obvious that the success of the process largely
depends upon the regulation of the flow of the percolate; if this should
be too rapid, incomplete exhaustion will result, but if too slow, valuable
time may be wasted. The rate of flow for extracts and fluid extracts
for I coo Gm. of powder should range from two to five drops a minute;
for official quantities of tincture and preparations of about the same
strength, from eight to fifteen drops a minute, and the word "slowly"
throughout the text is understood to mean a rate of flow corresponding
to this; it is evident that the proper rate of flow should vary with the
quantity and character of the drug employed and the density of the
menstruum.

Maceration. — Percolation is not suitable for exhausting some drugs,

PERCOLATION. 29

and the process of maceration is employed for some of the tinctures
(Aloes, Asafetida, Sweet Orange Peel, Tolu, etc.). Maceration should
be conducted preferably at a temperature of about 15° to 20° C. (59°
to 68° F.), and in a shady place.

Best percolator for common use : An ordinary glass funnel.

Objection to the glass funnel : It is too broad for use in percolating
drugs for fluid extracts when the quantity of drug is large in proportion
to the quantity of menstruum.

Desirable shape for making this class of preparations : A tall,
narrow percolator.

Why: Because it is desirable that the menstruum should traverse a
higher column of powder.

What is gainea by this : First, every drop of menstruum is econom-
ically applied; second, the rate of flow is diminished; third, the per-
colate becomes saturated more rapidly; fourth, the operation is, there-
fore, more easily controlled.

General rule for selecting percolators : For making fluid extracts,
a tall, straight percolator should be selected; for making a strong tinc-
ture, the percolator should be slightly bell-shaped and wider; for making
weak tinctures, use a funnel.

How to limit these rules : The character of the drug influences the
limit. Those containing a large amount of soluble matter, like kino,
cannot be percolated in a tall, narrow funnel, because the percolate
would soon become too dcn.sc to descend.

What influences the degree of comminution proper for each
substance : It depends, first, upon the physical structure of the drug;
second, the ea.sc with which the menstruum dissolves the desired con-
stituents; third, the length of time required to exhaust the powder;
fourth, the relative prf)fx>rtion of menstruum to drug.

Why the Pharmacopoeia directs that the drug shall be passed
through a coarse sieve after moistening : To render it uniform.

Why the powder should be moistened : First, a moist powder,
like a moist sjKjngc, greedily absf)rbs moisture, but a dry powder, like
a dry sponge, rcfK'ls attempts to moisten it; second, dry powders have
a tendency to swell when moistened, which, owing to the pressure of
the particles again.st each other and the sides of the percolator, prevent
moisture from prnctrating them.

Exceptions to the rule for moistening powders : Powders should
not be moistenfd, first, when the addition of the menstruum would
produce lumping, owing to the aflhrsivc nature of the drug; second,
when the mr)istened powder wouUl offer t<^>o little resistance to the pa.s.sage
of the menstruum; third, those in whi( h the menstruum is ion volatile
or too inflammable to render moistening desirable or safe. The cold
percolation of .sugar in making syrups illu.strates the first; the prepara-
tion of oleoresins with ether illustrates the se( ond and third.

Of what the porous diaphragm should be composed : Porous
cotton, a fleeply notchcfl (f)rk, or a ixTforatcd jdug «)f ( ork f)r wckkI,

The jK>rous diaphragm shouUI \)c (nvercd with (Iran .sanfl, or a disk
of scored filter pa[>cr, except when absorbent cotton is used. Always

30 PHARMACY.

moisten the porous diaphragm with a portion of the menstruum before
packing the percolator.

How a percolator should be packed : It should be packed in layers,
each succeeding layer being packed according to the directions, "moder-
ately" or "firmly," as the case may be, care being taken to use the same
degree of pressure with each layer.

How to test the correctness of the packing: By the descent of
the menstruum, which should descend slowly and uniformly.

General rule in relation to the degree of pressure to use in
packing percolators : Porous, spongy drugs, and menstrua largely
aqueous, require moderate packing. If a strongly alcoholic menstruum
is directed, pack firmly.

How to add the menstruum: Cover the top of the powder with
a sheet of scored filter paper, place a weight upon it to keep it in place,
and add the menstruum in divided portions, care being taken to follow
with the succeeding portion before the first one has entirely disappeared,
to prevent fissures forming in the powder, and the leaking of the men-
struum through the fissures.

Why the Pharmacopoeia directs previous maceration of the
powder before percolation : Because most drugs are not easily ex-
tracted by the menstruum, owing to the toughness of the powder, or
nature of the desired principles, and maceration secures contact with
the solvent for a longer time.

How this maceration is best e£fected : By introducing the moistened
drug loosely into the percolator, and covering it closely, to prevent loss
by evaporation.

How it can be determined if the drug is exhausted: Only by
knowing beforehand what the active principles of the drug are, and
testing the percolate, until they are no longer contained therein.

For example: The absence of bitterness in the percolate, from nux
vomica, opium, and cinchona, indicates that the bitter alkaloids, to
which their activities are due, have been thoroughly extracted from the
drug; the absence of color in the percolate of cochineal and saffron
indicates that the desired coloring matters have been exhausted from
the drugs, and the absence of astringency in the percolate, of drugs
whose activities are due to tannic ac-id, indicates that it has been com-
pletely extracted.

Best menstruum for extracting a drug : The best menstruum for
extracting a drug is one that will deprive it of its active and desirable
principles, and leave in the residue those principles which are either
inert or objectionable.

Other important points to be taken into consideration in choos-
ing a menstruum : A menstruum should always be chosen exactly
adapted to the characteristics of the drug, and which will cause the
retention of the soluble principles in a permanent form under the varving
conditions of climate, and at the same time permit exposure to light,
heat, and air without injury.

How this can be determined : Only by experiment.

It cannot be accurately predetermined what anioiit of men-
struum a powder will absorb and retain after percolation ceases :

I

PERCOLATION. 31

The amount varies according to the nature of the drug employed, some-
times as much as eight to twenty per cent.

Great advantage percolatioii has over maceration in respect
to the character of liquid left in the residue : Maceration leaves
a finished tincture in the residue; in percolation it is merely menstruum,
the active portions of the drug having been dissolved in the preceding
percolate.

How retained menstrua can be recovered : By distillation, or by
treating the residue, first with weak alcohol, then with water.

Expedients that may be resorted to when water causes a swell-
ing of the substance and stops percolation : Mix the residue
with clean sawdust, rice chaff, or other inert dry substances, then per-
colate with water.

How recovered distilled alcohol may be purified : By treating it
with fjermanganate of potassium (12 grains to the gallon), letting it
stand a few days, then decanting or filtering.

How to control the flow of the percolate in conducting the
operation of percolation: By the amount of pressure in packing;
by rabing or lowering the receiver containing the nozzle of the delivery
tube, as directed by the U. S, P. ; by using a stop-cock (objectionable) ;
or by adopting one of the several forms of percolators devised for that
puryjose.

Some of the special percolators devised as improvements on
the ordinary cylmdrical and conical percolators, and the prin-
ciples upon which they are founded: i. Drusse's glass percolator.
In thi.s percolator evaporation is prevented by means of a ground glass
cover. The flow of the percolate is checked by screwing in the cover;
should it flow too slowly, a piece of twine between the cover and the
side ^*nll permit the necessary atmospheric pressure.

2. Squibb's Well-tube Percolator. In this percolator a large glass
tube, called a well-tube, is placed in the center of a stoneware crock
and slightly raised from the bottom by absorbent cotton; around it is
packed the substance to be percolated, the menstruum is poured on the
powder, tri( klcs through and rises in the well, from which it is siphoned.

3. Double-tube Percolator. An ordinary percolator is used. In it is
placed a well-tube, with a smaller tube telescoped therein, the end of the
latter projecting for a few inches below the percolator through a tight-
fitting cork. The well-tube rests on absorbent cotton. The menstruum
percolates through the powder, permeates the cotton, and ri.scs in the
well-tube to the top of the .smaller tube therein, over which it runs into
the tube and out, being received in a vessel below. The height of the
fXTcoIate in the well-tube, and con.srquently the rapidity of the flow,
i> controlled by raising or lowering the inner tulx*.

4. Susi)cnded Percolator (Hancc Bros. & White). This percolator
is .so arranged, being suspended by trunnions from a beam, that it can
l>e readily turned upside rlown and emptied of its contents. It is suitable
for large o[>rratif>ns.

How to support a percolator: Several methods arc in use: First,
The ordinary retort stand (flimsy). Second, Remington's Percolating
Stand; this instrument consists of two parallel shelves, one above the

32 PHARMACY.

Other; each shelf consists of two parallel strips having slots down the
center, fastened to which, by thumb-screws working in the slots, are
cross-pieces, having their inside edges hollowed out to receive the per-
colator. The cross-pieces may be slid either way to enlarge or reduce
the space between them so as to fit percolators of all sizes. This ex-
cellent apparatus is suspended from tne wall by brackets. The advan-
tage is that it enables all percolating and filtering operations to be
carried on with convenience in one place, thus saving time and labor.
Third, Shinn's Percolating Closet consists of adjustable retort rings
sliding up and down on gas-pipe supports, with conveniently arranged
shelves, all enclosed in a convenient closet.

What kind of receiving bottles should be used for the perco-
late : Wide mouth bottles are preferred. Where special accuracy is
required, use a flask with a double mark on the neck. Bottles may be
graduated by pasting a paper slip on the side, pouring in accurately
measured quantities of water, carefully marking the height at each
addition. A strip of adhesive plaster answers an excellent purpose.

What is meant by repercolation : Repercolation is a process intro-
duced by Dr. Squibb, and consists in "the successive application of the
same percolating menstruum to fresh supplies of the substance to be
percolated."

Its advantages : By passing the weaker portions of the percolate
through fresh portions of drug, it becomes thoroughly saturated. In
this way a portion of the percolate will do work as menstruum, resulting
in the saving of menstruum.

Fractional percolation : A term used to define percolation when
applied to two successive portions of powder. (Principle identical with
repercolation.)

CLASSiriCAIIOM OF OFFICIAL PREPAKATIONS.

33

PART II.

THE FORMS OF PHARMACEUTICAL

PREPARATIONS DIRECTED BY THE

U. S PHARMACOPOEIA.

CLASSIFICATION OF OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS.

LIQUIDS.

SOLIDS.

Made without per-

Made by percola-

Made by percola-

Made without per-

colatioo or mac-

tion or macer-

tion or macera-

colation or mac-

eration.

ation.

tion.

eration.

Aqueous Sdutums.

Aqueous Liquids.

Extracts,

Powders,

Waters,

Infusions,

Resins.

Triturations,

Solutions.

Decoctions.

Masses,
Confections

Aqufoun Solutions

AUokolic Liquids.

^^V^tAA V.\^LAVyilO,

Containing Sweet
or Viscid Sub-
stances.

Syrups,

Pills,

Tinctures,

Wines,

Fluidextracts.

Troches,
Cataplasms^

Honeys,

Cerates,

Mucilages,

Ethereal Liquids.

Ointments,

Emulsions,

Oleoresins.

Plasters,

Mixtures,
Glyccritcs.

Acetous Liquids.
Vinegars.

Papers,
Suppositories.

AUokolic Solutions.

Spirits,

"^

Elixirs.

Ethereal Solutions.

Collodions.

Oleaginous Solu-

tion:.

LinimetUs,

OUaUs.

Roman type, {ntenul um.
4

IttHc type, eztenul uie.

B4 PHARMACY.

LIQUIDS.

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.

AQUyE— WATERS.

Aquae, or Waters : Aqueous solutions of volatile substances. There
are eighteen official waters.

Official Directions. — The medicated waters, when prepared from
volatile oils, are intended to be, as nearly as practicable, saturated solu-
tions, which must be clear and free from solid impurities. In the
official processes the solution of the volatile oils is facilitated by the
use of purified talc; but the solution may, if preferred, be aided by
replacing the purified talc by pulped or shredded filter paper; waters
may also be made by the addition of volatile oils to hot water and sepa-
ration of excess of the former, or by the distillation of the drug or volatile
oil with water, if by either of these methods the finished product cor-
responds in all respects with official requirements.

Six Methods of Preparation.

(i) Simple Solution in Cold Water. — Agitation. — Aqua Amygdalae
Amarae; Chloroformi; Creosoti.

Passing Gases through Water. — Aqua Ammoniae; Ammoniac Fortior;
Hydrogenii Dio.xidi;* Liquor Chlori Compositus.f

(2) Solution in Hot Water. — Shake the oil with hot water, let
stand until cold, decant and filter. Volatile oils are made more soluble
in hot than in cold water.

(3) Filtration through an Absorbent Powder. — Aqua Anisi;
Camphorae; Cinnamomi; Fcjeniculi; Menthae Piperitae, and Menthae
Viridis are made by percolation through impregnated Purified Talc.
In preparing Aqua Camphorae, a little alcohol is used to aid in the
trituration of the camphor.

(4) Filtration through Pulp or Shredded Filter Paper. — Per-
mitted by U. S. P. (8th Rev.). Drop vol. oil upon white filtering paper,
tear paper into shreds, transfer to flask or stoneware jar, add boiling
water in portions, shake thoroughly, cool, filter, and adjust quantity
by pouring distilled water. through the filter.

(5) Percolation through Cotton Impregnated with the Sub-
stance.— Official in U. S. P. of 1880, abandoned because troublesome
and wasteful. Drop oil on absorbent cotton, pull apart to insure thorough
division, pack in funnel, percolate water through it. Place pieces of
dry cotton inside of funnel to prevent drops of oil which may escape
solution passing through.

(6) Distillation. — Aqua Aurantii Florum Fortior; Aurantii
Florum; Hamamelidis; Rosae Fortior; Rosae; and Aqua Destillata.

♦ Although H2O2 is not a gas in the usual sense of the term, the solution is classed
here for sake of convenience.

t See also under Liquors. Included here as it is mainly composed of volatile sub-
stances.

LIQUIDS — WATERS. 35

Aqua Ammoniae. Contains lo per cent, ammonia gas by weight.
Externally stimulant, irritant or caustic. Internally antacid and stim-
ulant. Average dose, i Cc. (15 iTjj). Should be largely diluted when
taken internally. Useful in heartburn, sick headache, syncope. Slowly
injected into a vein, a powerful stimulant to heart and respiration.

Aqua Ammoniae Fortior (Stronger Ammonia Water). Contains
28 per cent, gas by weight. Used for making Aqua Ammonia, or prop-
erly diluted (4 or 5 to 8) as a rubefacient, vesicatory, or escharotic.
Apply on cotton confined in top of a pill box.

Aqua Amygdalae Amarae. (o.i per cent.) Useful vehicle. Average
dose, 4 Cc. (i fl. dr.).

Aqua Anisi. (0.2 per cent, oil.) Useful vehicle. Average dose, 16 Cc.
(4 fl. dr.).

Aqua Aurantii Florum. Prepared by diluting the stronger water
with equal volumes distilled water, and is also used as a vehicle. Av-
erage dose, 16 Cc. (4 fl. dr.).

Aqua Aurantii Florum Fortior (Triple Orange Flower Water).
Water saturated with the volatile oil of P>csh Orange Flowers, obtained
as a by-product in the distillation of the Oil of Orange Flowers. Vehicle.
.Average dose, 8 Cc. (2 fl. dr.).

Aqua Camphorae. Camphor 0.8 dissolved in Alcohol and afterward
triturated with Purified Talc. Vehicle. Average dose, 8 Cc. (2 fl. dr.).

Aqua ChlorofOrmi. A saturated solution with excess of Chloroform
present. .\ntisei)tic vehicle. Average do.se, i6 Cc. (4 fl. dr.).

Aqua Cimiamomi. (0.2 per cent.) Vehicle. Use cautiously in in-
flammatory affe< tions. Average do.se, 16 Cc. (4 fl. dr.).

Aqua Creosoti. 1 [)er cent. Creosote. Antiseptic. Stimulant ex-
ternally. L<M a! nerve paralyzant. Average dose, 8 Cc. (2 fl. dr.).

Aqua Destillata. 800 parts from 1000 of Water. Used for prepar-
ing the oflTicial diluted acids, for abs<jrbing gaseous ammonia, for pre-
paring nearly all the oflficial aqueous solutions, and for compounding
prr«;criptions.

Aqua Foeniculi. (0.2 i>ercent.) Vehicle. Averagcdose, i6Cc. (4fl. dr.).

Aqua Hamamelidis. (So-called Distilled Extract of Witch Hazel,
or I'ond's Extra* t.) .\vcrago do.se, 8 Cc. (2 fl. dr.).

Aqua Hydrogenii Diozidi (Solution of Hydrogen Peroxide). 3 per
cent, by weight of jiure Hydrogen Dioxide. Oxidizer, deodorant, disin-
fectant. Coagulates the albumin of tissues. Al.so used in the arts for
bleaching purj)oscs. Average dose, 4 Cc. (i fl. dr.).

Aqua Menthae Piperitae, and Aqua Menthae Viridis. (0.2 per
cnt.) ,\n- usrful vehicles. .Averagcdose, 16 Cc (4 fl. dr.).

Aqua Rosae (Rf>se Water). Prepared by mixing equal volumes of
Trifiie R(«c Water and Distilled Water. Vehicle. Average do.sc, 16
Cc (.\ fl. dr.).

Aqua Rosae Fortior (Triple Rose Water), Water saturated with the
volatile oil of rose petals, obtained as a by-product in the distillation of
oil of rose. Average dose, 8 Cc. (2 fl. dr.).

36 PHARMACY.

LIQUORES— SOLUTIONS.
Liquor. — An aqueous solution of a chemical substance. Liquors are
divided into two classes, according to the method of preparation, — viz.,
simple solutions and chemical solutions.

Simple Solutions.

Liquor Acidi Arsenosi. Should contain Arsenious Acid, correspond-
ing in amount to i per cent, of Arsenic Trioxide. Medical properties
same as Fowler's Solution. Average dose, 0.2 Cc. (3 nji).

Liquor Antisepticus. (Similar to Listerine, etc.) Boric Acid, 20
Gm.; Benzoic Acid, 1 Gm.; Thymol, i Gm.; Eucalyptae, 0.25 Cc;
Oil of Peppermint, 0.50 Cc; Oil of Gaultheria, 0.25 Cc; Oil of Thyme,
0.10 Cc; Alcohol, 250 Cc; Water, 20 Cc. to make 1000 Cc. Average
dose, 4 Cc. (i fl. dr.).

Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi (Solution of Arsenic and Mer-
curic Iodide) (Donovan's Solution). Contains i per cent, of each of
the active ingredients. Alterative. Average dose, 0.1 Cc. (i J nj).

Liquor Calcis (Solution of Calcium Hydrate, Lime Water). A
saturated solution. Antacid, tonic and astringent. Average dose, 16
Cc (4 fl. dr.).

Liquor lodi Compositus (Lugol's Solution). Should contain not
less than 5 per cent. Iodine, 10 per cent. Potassium Iodide. Average
dose, 0.2 Cc. (3 TTj).

Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus (Lead Water). Contains 4 per
cent, of the stronger lead water. Astringent and sedative externally.

Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi. (Liquor Potassae, U. S. P., 1880.) An
aqueous solution containing about 5 per cent, of Potassium Hydroxide.
Average dose, i Cc. (15 tt]^).

Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi. (Liquor Sodae, U. S. P., 1890.) An aque-
ous solution containing about 5 per cent, of Sodium Hydroxide. Average
dose, I Cc. (15 n^).

Liquor Sodii Arsenatis. Should contain Sodium Arsenate corre-
sponding in amount to not less than 1 per cent, of Exsiccated Sodium
Arsenate. Average dose, 0.2 Cc. (3 iTJi).

Chemical Solutions.

Liquor Ammonii Acetatis (Spirit of Mindererus). An aqueous
solution which should contain not less than 7 per cent, of Ammonium
Acetate, together with small amounts of acetic and carbonic acids.
Made by dissolving 5 Gm. of the Carbonate in 100 Cc. diluted Acetic
Acid. Diaphoretic in fevers. Average dose, 16 Cc (4 fl. dr.).

Liquor Chlori Compositus. — Compound Solution of Chlorine.
Chlorine Water. (To replace Aqua Chlori,- U. S. P., 1890.) An aqueous
solution containing, when freshly prepared, about 0.4 per cent, of
Chlorine with some Oxide of Chlorine and Potassium Chloride. Aver-
age dose, 4 Cc (i fl. dr.).

Liquor Cresolis Compositus. — (Similar to Lysol.) Cresol, 500 Gm. ;
Linseed Oil, 350 Gm.; Potassium Hydroxide, 8 Gm.; Water to 1000 Gm.

LIQUIDS SOLUTIONS. 37

Liquor Ferri Chloridi. An aqueous solution of Ferric Chloride
which should contain not less than 29 per cent, of the anhydrous salt,
corresponding to 10 per cent, of metallic iron. Average dose, o.i Cc.
(i§ ^)- Used in preparing Tincture of Ferric Chloride; also exter-
nally as a styptic to arrest hemorrhage.

Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis (Basham's Mixture). Contains
in each thousand Cc. Tr. Ferri. Chlor. 40 Cc, Acid Acetic Dil. 60 Cc,
Sol. Ammon. Acet. 500 Cc, Aromat. Elix. 120 Cc, Glycerin 120 Cc,
Water to 100 Cc. To the Sol, Ammon. Acet. (which should not be alka-
line) add, successively, the Acid, Tr., Elixir, and Glycerin, and then
enough Water to make 1000 Cc. Actively chalybeate, also astringent, and
very largely used in Bright's disease. Average dose, 16 Cc. (4 fl. dr.).

Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis (Solution of Basic Ferric Sulphate,
Monsel's Solution). An aqueous solution of variable chemical com-
position, containing an amount of basic ferric sulphate corresponding
to not less than 13.57 per cent, of metallic iron. Styptic to bleeding
surfaces; used internally in hemorrhage of stomach and bowels. Aver-
age dose, 0.2 Cc. (3 nj).

Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis. An aqueous solution which should con-
tain about 36 per cent, of normal Ferric Sulphate, corresponding to
not less than 10 per cent, of metallic Iron. Used for preparing other
Iron preparations, as in the preparation of the antidote for Arsenic.

Liquor Formaldehydi (Formalin). An aqueous solution, contain-
ing not less than 37 per cent, by weight of absolute Formaldehyde
(H.CC>H = 29.79), an oxidation product of methyl alcohol.

Liquor Hydrargjyri Nitratis. A liquid which should contain about
60 per cent, of Mercuric Nitrate, and about 1 1 per cent, of free HNOs-
Caustic apnlication to chancre, etc

Liquor Magnesii Citratis. Made by dissolving 33 Gm. Citric Acid
in 120 Cc of Water and adding 15 Gm. Magnesium Carbonate; dis-
solving; filtering into a bottle holding 360 Cc. (containing 120 Cc Syrup
of Citric Acid), adding enough Water to nearly fill the bottle, dropping
in 2.5 Gm. Potassium Bicarbonate; shaking until dissolved; corking,
and securing the cork with twine. Average dfose, 360 Cc (12 fl. dr.).

Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. (Sometimes called Goulard's Extract.)
An aqueous liquid, containing not less than 25 per cent, of Lead Sub-
acetate. Used externally as a sedative in sprains, etc, when dilute,
from i or i part to 16 i>arts distilled water.

Liquor Potassii Arsenitis (Fowler's Stjlution). A scientific sub-
stitute for Tasteless Ague Drop. An aqueous .solution which should con-
tain Potassium Arsenate corresponding in amount to i per cent, of
Arsenic trioxide, formed by the combination of Ansenous acid with
Potassium of the Potassium Bicarbonate (Carbon Dioxide Vx-ing evolved).
(Ornfiound Spirit of Lavender is added to give it taste, and prevent its
Uing mistaken for water; 100 np. equal anout 1 gr. Arsenic. Aver-
age d«)se, 0.2 Cc (3 np).

Liquor Potassae Citratis (Mistura Pota.ssii Citratis). An aqueous
liquid, containing in solution not less than 8 per cent, of anhydrous
Potassium Citrate, together with small amounts of citric and carbonic
acids. Made by dissolving separately Potass. Bicarb, and Citric Acid,

38 PHARMACY.

and afterward mixing the solution under the names netUral 'mixture,
saline mixture, or effervescing draught; long used as a refrigerant diapho-
retic. Average dose, i6 Cc. (4 fl. dr.).

Liquor Sodae Chlorinatae (Labarraque's Solution). An aqueous solu-
tion of several Chlorine compounds of Sodium, containing at least 2.4
per cent, by weight of available Chlorine. Stimulant, antiseptic, and
resolvent. Average dose, i Cc. (15 nj). Also, use locally for fetor, etc.
A powerful disinfectant.

Liquor Sodii Phosphatis Compositus. Sodium Phosphate, 1000
Gm.; Sodium Nitrate, 40 Gm.; Citric Acid, 130 Gm.; Dist. Water,
to 1000 Cc. Average dose, 8 Cc. (2 fl. dr.).

Liquor Zinci Chloridi. An aqueous solution containing about 50
per cent, by weight of Zinc Chloride. A substitute for Burnett's Dis-
infecting Fluid. Used locally to disinfect fetid discharges; also em-
ployed for preserving anatomical specimens.

For additional information regarding liquores see under the head of
the bases entering into them (Part III).

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING SWEET OR VISCID
SUBSTANCES.

SYRUPI— SYRUPS.

Syrup : A dense saccharine solution, generally medicated or flavored.

Sugar : Sugar is in white, dry, hard, distinctly crystalline granules,
permanent in the air, odorless, having a purely sweet taste, and a neutral
reaction. Commercially known as "granulated sugar." Simple Syrup:
When water alone is used in making the solution of sugar. Medicated
Syrups: When the water contains soluble principles from various
medicinal substances.

There are twenty-nine official Syrups, which may be classed, according
to method of preparation, as tabulated on pages 40 and 41.

MELLITA— HONEYS.

Mellita, or Honeys : Thick liquid preparations closely allied to
syrups, differing merely in the use of honey as a base instead of syrup.

There are three official honeys : —

I. Mel: Commercial Honey. A saccharine secretion deposited in
the honeycomb by Apis Mellifica. ^. Mel Depuratum; Clarified
Honey. Commercial honey clarified by heating and straining. 3. Mel
Rosae — 120 Gm. Fldext. Rose; Clar. Honey to 1000 Gm.

MUCILAGINES— MUCILAGES.

Mucilagines, or Mucilages : Thick, viscid, adhesive liquids, pro-
duced by dissolving gum in water, or by extracting with water the muci-
laginous principles from vegetable substances.

I. Without Heat. — (2) Mucilago Acaciae — 340 Gm.; Acacia, 330
Gm.; Lime-water to 1000 Gm. Sassafras Medullae — 2 Gm. Sas.
Pith.; Water to 100 Cc.

UQUIDS — EMULSIONS. 39

3 With Heat.— (2) Mucilago Tragacanthae — 6 Gm.; 18 Gm.
Glycerin; Water to 100 Gm. Ulmi — 6 Gm.; Water to 100 Cc. Av-
erage dose of the above mucilages, 16 Cc. (4 fl. dr.).

EMULSA— EMULSIONS.

Emulsion : A soft, liquid preparation resembling milk, and consisting
of an oily or resinous substance suspended in water by means of gum,
yolk of egg, or other viscid matter.

Emulsions may be divided into three classes: Natural Emulsions,
Gum-Resin and Seed Emulsions, and Oil or Artificial Emulsions.

1. Natural Emulsions. — Those that exist ready formed in nature.
Examples: milk, egg yolk, various plant juices, etc.

The emulsions that result when asafetida, ammoniac, myrrh, etc., are
triturated with water belong to this class. The resinous and oily sub-
stances present are suspended in the water by the gummy matter present.

2. Manufactured Emulsions. — Two general methods for their
preparation : —

1. Continental Method. Make a nucleus by triturating together oil, 2
parts; powdered {granulated) acacia, i part; water i§ parts by weight.
When the oil is easy to emulsify the amount of acacia to oil may be
reduced to 1-4. Directions: (i) Stir the oil with the gum in a dry
mortar. Add the water immediately, all at once, and stir rapidly until
a thick, creamy emulsion results, which is then diluted as desired; or
(2) triturate the acacia with the water, add the oil at once, triturate to
make nucleus; or (3) shake the oil and water together in a flask, and
pour the mixture over the gum previously placed in a mortar, and
triturate rapidly.

2. English Method. Make a thick mucilage of gum and water in a
mortar, and to it add gradually and alternately the oil and water until
the emulsion is completed.

Other emukifying agents than acacia may be employed, such as traga-
canth, yolk of egg, Irish moss, quillaja bark, extract of malt, casein,
pancrcatin, and gelatin. There are six official emulsions: —

Emulsum Amygdalae (Emulsion of Almond) [Mistura Amygdalae,
U. S., 1880. Milk of Almond]. Sweet Almond, 60 Gm.; Acacia, 10
Gm.; Sugar, 30 Gm.; Water, q. s. to make 1000 Cc. Demulcent.
Average dose, 120 Cc (4 fl. oz.).

Emulsum Asafcetida (Emulsion of Asafetida). A.safetida, 40 Gm.;
Water to 1000 Cc Antispasmrxlic. Average dose, 16 Cc (4 fl. dr.).

Emulsum Chloroformi (Emulsion of Chloroform) [Mistura Chloro-
formi, U. S. P., 1880]. Chloroform, 40 Cc; Exp. Ol. Almond, 60 Cc;
Tragacanth, powd., 10 Gm.; Water, q. s. to make 1000 Cc. Anodyne.
Average dose, 8 Cc (4 fl. dr.).

Emulsum Olci Morrhu« (Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil). Cod
Liver Oil, 500 Cc; Acacia, 125 Gm.; Syrup, 100 Cc.\ Ol. Gaultheriae,
4 Cc; Water, to make 1000 C( . Average dose, 8 Cc (4 fl. dr.).

Emulsum Olei Morrhuae cum Hypophosphitibus (P^mulsion of Cod
Liver Oil with Hypophosphitcs). Ctxi Liver Oil, 500 Cc. ; Acacia, 1 25 Gm. ;
Calc. Hypophos., 10 Gm.; Potass. Hypophos., 5 Gm.; Sodium Hypo-

40

PHARMACY.

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LIQUIDS — SYRUPS.

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PHARMACY.

phos., 5 Gm.; Syr., lOo Cc; . Ol. Gaulth., 4 Cc; Water to make 1000 Cc.
Other appropriate flavors may be used. Average dose 8 Cc. (4 fl. dr.).
Emulsum Olei Terebinthinae (Emulsion of Oil of Turpentine).
Rect. Oil of Turpentine, 15 Cc; Exp. Oil. of Almond, 5 Cc; Syr.,
25 Cc; Acacia, 15 Gm.; Water, to make 100 Cc. Average dose, 4 Cc
(i fl. dr.).

MISTUR^— MIXTURES.

Misturae, or Mixtures: Aqueous liquid preparations intended for
internal use, which contain suspended insoluble substances. The term
mixture is used rather indiscriminately.

There are four official mixtures, as follows:

Tiile.

Constituents.

Properties and Dose.

MiSTURA.

CretaeiChalk Mixture),

Ferri Composita {Grif-
fith's Mixture) ,

Glycyrrhizae Composita
{Brown Mixture), . . .

Rhei et Sodx,

Comp. Chalk Powder, 20 Gm.;
Cinnamon Water, 40 Cc;
Water, sufficient to make 100
Cc.

Ferrous Sulphate, 6 Gm.; Myrrh,
i8Gm.; Sugar, 18 Gm.; Potas-
sium Carbonate, 8 Gm.; Spirits
Lavender, 60 Cc; Rose Water,
sufficient to make 1000 Cc.

Ext. Liquorice, pure, 30 Cc;
Syrup, 50 Cc; Acaria, 3oGm.;
Camphorated Tr. Opium, 120
Cc; Wine of Antimony, 60 Cc;
Spirits of Nitrous Ether, 30 Cc;
Water, sufficient to make 1000
Cc.

Sodium Bicarbonate, 35 Gm.;
Fid. Ext. Rhubarb, 15 Cc;
Fid. Ext. Ipecac 3 Cc; Gly-
cerin, 350 Cc; Spirit of Pepper-
mint, 35 Cc; Water, sufficient
to make 1000 Cc.

Antacid, 16 Cc (4 fl. dr.).

Tonic, 16 Cc. (4 fl. dr.).

Expectorant, 8 Cc. (2 fl.
dr.). Child 4 Cc (i fl.
dr.).

Carminative.
(I fl. dr.).

Dose 4 Cc.

GLYCERITA— GLYCERITES.
Glyceritae, or Glycerites : Mixtures or solutions of medicinal sub-
stances in glycerin.

There are six official glycerites, as follows: —

Title.

Glyceritum.

Glyceritum Acidi Tan-
nici. (jGlycerite of
Tannic Acid),

Glyceritum A m y 1 i .
(Glycerite of Starch)

Constituents.

Tannic Acid, 20 Gm.; Glycerin,
80 Gm.

Starch, 10 Gm.; Glycerin, 80
Gm.; Water, 10 Cc.

Properties and Dose.

Astringent, 2 Cc. (30 T[[).

Emollient, base, and Ex-
cipient.

LIQUIDS — SPIRITS.

43

TUU.

Constituents.

Properties and Dose.

GLYCERmnc.

Glyceritum Borogly-

cerini. {Glyceriie of

Boroglycerin)

Boric Acid, 310 Gm.; Glycerin,

Antiseptic.

Glyceritum Ferri et

to make 1000 Gm.

Quinin.T et Strych-

niax Phosphatum,..

Fr. Phos. Sol., 80 Gm.; Quinine,

For making Syrup, etc..

104 Gm.; Strych., 0.8 Gm.;

1 Cc (15 m).

Acid Phos.. 200 Cc; Glycer.,

Glycoittim Hydrastis.
(PlyceriU oi Hydras-

SOD Cc; Water to 1000 Cc.

tis)

Hydrastis, 1000 Gm.; Glycerin,
SCO Cc; Alcohol and Water, to

2 Cc. (30 TTl).

Glyceritum Phenolis

make 1000 Cc.

(Glycerite .\cidi Car-

bolid, Phann., 1890),

Liquefied Phenol, 20 Cc; Gly-
cerin, 80 Cc.

0.3 Cc (s m).

ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS.

SPIRITUS— SPIRITS.

Spiritus, or Spirits : Alcoholic solutions of volatile substances. They
may be classified according to the method of preparation, as follows:
I. Simple Solution. 2. Solution with maceration. 3. Gaseous Solution.
4. Chemical Reaction. 5. Distillation.

There are twenty official spirits. Those made from volatile oils are
frequently called essences.

I. SPIRITS PREPARED BY SIMPLE SOLUTION.

TUU.

SpiBrrus.

itthcris,

yflthcris Composttus
(.Hoffmann's Ano-
dyne)

AuuDOOue Aroaudcus,

Amygdal« Amarsr

Anisi

Auraotii Compoiitus, .

Camphont

Chlavofonni

Cimumomt.

OauJthcrix

Glyceritis .Nilratis,

Tunipcri

Juniperi Cornpositus, . .

Lavandttlc.

Constituents.

32s Cc. Ether; 67s Cc. Ale.

325 Cc. Ether; 650 Cc. ale; 2$
Cc. Ethereal Oil.

34 Gm. Ammonia Carb.; 90 Cc.
Ammonia Water; Oils, Lemon,
I^avendcr, Nutmeg.

Oil. I i vol.

OW, 10 i vol.

Oil, Orange 20 i vol.; Oil,
Lemon, si vol.; Oil. Corian-
der, Hi vol.; Oil, Anise, l^i vol.

100 Gm. Camphor; Ale. to 1000
Cc.

60 Cc. Chloroform; 940 Cc. Ale.

100 Cc. Oil; Qoo Cc. Ale.

50 Cc. Oil; oso Cc. Ale.

I Gm. C,Hi(0 . NO,)3; 99 Gm.
Ale

Properties and Dose.

50 Cc. Oil; oso Cc. Ale.
8 Cc. Oil, Juniper, i Cc; OH.
Caraway; i Cc Oil. Fennel;

Stimulant, 4 Cc. (1 fl. dr.).

Anodyne; Stimulant, 4 Cc

(i rf. dr.).
Stimulant, 2 Cc. (30 TH).

0.5 Cc (8 ni).
4Cc(i fl. dr.).
Flavor.

Stimulant; Sedative, i Cc

' (15 ni).

Se<latlve. 2 Cc. (30 ITl).
Stimulant, 2 Cc. (30 VS\).

3 Cc. (30 rn).

Cardiac Stimulant, oo^ Cc.

Diuretic, » Cc (w> fH). .
Diuretic, 8 Cc (2 fl. dr.).

1400 Cc Ale. W. to 2000 Cc
50 Cc Oil. Qso Cc. Ale

a Cc. (30 ni).

44 PHARMACY.

2. SPIRITS PREPARED BY SOLUTION WITH MACERATION.

Title.

Constituents.

Properties and Dose.

Carminative, 2 Cc (30 ITl).

Spiritus.

Menthae Piperitae, | 100 Cc. Oil; to Gm. Herb, Alco-
hol to 1000 Cc.

Menthae Viridis, | 100 Cc. Oil; 10 Gm. Herb, Alco- | Carminative, 2 Cc (30 TTl).

hoi to 1000 Cc

3. SPIRITS PREPARED BY GASEOUS SOLUTION.

Title.

Constituents.

Properties and Dose.

Spiritus Ammoniac,

Str. W. Ammon.; Heat, Alcohol,
10 per cent. Gas. Assay.

Stimulant, 0.3 to 2 Cc. (5
to 30 lU).

4. SPIRITS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL REACTION.

Title.

Constituents.

Spiritus /€:theris Nitrosi, . Not less than 4 per cent. Ethyl Diaphoretic, diuretic. 2Cc
Nitrite. (30 ni).

Properties and Dose.

S. SPIRITS PREPARED BY DISTILLATION.

TitU.

Constituents.

Strength and Dose.

Spiritus.

Frumenti,

Distillation of mash of fermented

grain, and at least four years

old.
Distillation of fermented juice

of grapes, and at least four

years old.

37 5< to 47.5 ^ wt. or 44 li

Vini Gallici,

to 55 fc vol. 30 Cc. (i fl.
oz.).
39 5i to 47 ^ wt., or 46 * to
55^ vol. 30 Cc (i fl. oz.).

ELIXIRIA— ELIXIRS.

Elixiria, or Elixirs : Elixirs are aromatic, sweetened, spirituous
preparations, containing small quantities of active medicinal substances.
There are three official elixirs: —

Elixir Adjuvans (Adjuvant Elixir). Fldext. Glycyr., 120 Cc;
Aromat. Elix., 880 Cc.

Elixir Aromaticum (Aromatic Elixir). Comp. Spts. Orange, 12 Cc;
Syr., 375 Cc (Pur. Talc, 30 Gm., for filtering); Alcohol, 238 Cc; Dist.
Water, q. s. to make 1000 Cc

Elixir Ferri, Quininae et Strychninae Phosphatum.— Sol. Per.
Phos., 17.5 Gm.; Quinin, 8.75 Gm.; Strychnin, 0.275 Gm.; Phos.
Acid, 2 Gm.; Ammon. Carb., 9 Gm.; Alcohol, 60 Cc; Acetic Acid,
28.65 Cc; Ammon. Water, to neutralize Distilled Water, Aromat. Elixir
q. s. to make 1000 Cc. Average dose, 4 Cc (i fl. dr.).

LIQUIDS — LINIMENTS.

46

ETHEREAL SOLUTIONS.
COLLODIA— COLLODIONS.
Collodia, or Collodions : Collodions are liquid preparations intended
for external use, having for the base a solution of Pyroxj'lin, or gun-
cotton, in a mixture of ether and alcohol. They leave a film on evapora-
tion, which serves as a protection or an application of a medicinal in-
gredient to the skin. In the following description: P. = Pyroxylin;

E. = Ether; A. = Alcohol.

There are four official collodions: —

Collodium (Collodion). 40 Gm. P.; 750 Cc. E.; 250 Cc. A.; decant
the clear collodion from the sediment.

Collodium Cantharidatum (Cantharidal Collodion). 60 Gm.
Canth.; 85 Gm. Flex. C; Chloroform, q. s. to exhaust Canth. Recover
C. by dist., evap. the residue until it weighs 15 Gm.; dissolve this in the

F. C.; let settle and decant the clear Canthar. Collod. from any sediment.
Collodium Flexile (Flexible Collodion). 920 Gm. Col.; 50 Gm.

Canada Turpentine; 30 Gm. Castor Oil. To make 1000 Gm.

Collodium Stjrpticum (Styptic Collodion). 20 Gm. Tannic Acid; 5
Cc. .\.; 25CC. E. ; Col.,q. s. ft. looCc.

OLEAGINOUS SOLUTIONS, FOR EXTERNAL APPLICATION.

LINIMENTA— LINIMENTS, U. S. P.
Solutions of various substances or mixtures in oily or alcoholic liquids
containing fatty oils, intended for application to the skin by rubbing.
There are eight official liniments: Three with fixed oil base — ammonia,
calcis and camphora; four with alcohol as the principal liquid —
brlladonna, chloroform, saponis, and saponis mollis; one contains oil
of turpentine, viz., turpentine liniment.

TilU.

Bau.

CoHstUuents.

I.ivrvrvTi'M.

Ammonia; (Ammonia),

(VnlatiU Linimeni).
Brllarlonnc (Bella-

Cotton Seed Oil.

Alcohol.

Cotton Seed Oil.

Alcohol.
Alcohol.

Alcohol.

Oil of Turpentiiie.

Ammonia Water, 350 Cc; Alcohol,
SO Cc; Cotton Seed Oil. 570 Cc.
Oleic Acid, 30 Cc

Camphor, 50 Gm.; FHext. Bella-

Calcis (Carron Oil)

Camphor*- (Camphor),

ChWofonni (Chloro-
form)

donna, to make 1000 Cc.
Lime Water, Linseed Oil. rqiial parts.
Camphor, aoo Gm.; Cotton Seed Oil,

800 Gm.

Chloroform, 300 Cc; Soap Liniment,

Saponis (Soap)

S«Dnnts Motfis (Soft
Sep)

tine)

700 Cc.
Soap (Gran.). 60 Gm.; Camphor. 45
Gm.; Oil RoBemary, 10 Cc; Alco-
hol, 7*5 Cc; Water to make 1000

Soft Soap. 650 Gm.; Oil I^avcndcr
Flower*, ao Cc; Alcohol, to make
1000 Cc

Ro«n Cerate, 650 Gm/, Oil Turpen-
tine, 3SO Gm.

46 PHARMACY.

OLEATA— OLEATES.
Oleata, or Oleates : The official Oleates are liquid preparations,
made by dissolving metallic salts, or alkaloids, in oleic acid. They are
not assumed to be definite chemical compounds.

Title. WUh Olive OU.

Oleatum:

Atropinae, Atropine, 2 Gm.; Oleic Acid, 50 Gm.; Olive Oil, to 100 Gm.

Cocainae, Cocaine. 5 " " " " " " " " " "

Veratrinae, Veratrum, 2 " *' " " " " " " " "

Without Olive Oil.
Quininae, Quinine, 25 Gm.; Oleic Acid, 75 Gm. to make 100 Gm. Metal-
lic Base.
Hydrargyri, Yellow Mercuric Oxide, 25 Gm.; Oleic Acid to 100 Gm.

AQUEOUS LIQUIDS MADE BY PERCOLATION OR
MACERATION.

INFUSA— INFUSIONS.
Infusa, or Infusions : Infusions are liquid preparations, made by
treating vegetable substances with either hot or cold water. They are
not boiled, though boiling water is often employed.

Infusions — Four Methods.
I. Prepared by Maceration. — General Formula, U. S. P. — "An
ordinary infusion, the strength of which is not directed by the physician,
nor specified by the Pharmacopoeia, shall be prepared by the following
formula : —

"Take of—

The Substance, coarsely comminuted,

fifty grammes, 50 Gm.

Boiling Water, iooo cubic centimeters, 1000 Cc.

Water, a sufficient quantity

To make 1000 cubic centimeters, 1000 Cc.

"Put the substance into a suitable vessel provided with a cover, pour
upon it the Boiling Water, cover the vessel tightly, and let it stand for
half an hour. Then strain, and pass enough water through the strainer
to make the infusion measure 1000 cubic centimeters.

"Caution. — The strength of infusions of energetic or powerful sub-
stances should be specially prescribed by the physician."

Various styles of infusion jars, pitchers, and mugs are described in
Remington's "Practice of Pharmacy."

Infusion Digitalis (Infusion of Digitalis). Dig., 15 Gm.; Alcohol,
100 Cc; Cin. Water, 150 Cc; Boiling Water, 500 Cc; Cold Water,
q. s. ft. IOOO Cc Macerate one hour. Average dose, 8 Cc. (2 fl. dr.).

Infusum Sennae Compositum. (Compound Infusion of Senna)
(Black Draught). 60 Gm. Senna; 120 Gm. Manna; 120 Gm. Mag.

LIQUIDS— TINCTURES. 47

Sulph.; 20 Gm. Fennel; Boiling W., 800 Cc; Cold W., q. s. ft. 1000
Cc. Average dose, 120 Cc. (4 fl. oz.).

2. By Digestion. — Let stand at a moderate heat below boiling. Very
useful method, though it may not be directed in formula.

3. By Percolation. — Should be used whenever practicable.
Infusum Pnini Virginianse (Infusion of Wild Cherry). 40 Gm.

(No. 20 powd.) Wild Cherrv-; Glycerin, 50 Cc; Water, q. s. to make
1000 Cc. Average dose, 60 Cc. (2 fl. oz.).

4. By Diluting Fluid Extracts. — "Improper and unjustifiable,
except in those few cases in which the active and desirable principles
of the drug are equally soluble in alcohol and in water, or in the men-
struum used for both fluidextract and infusion."

DECOCTA— DECOCTIONS.

Decocta, or Decoctions : Decoctions are liquid preparations, made
by boiling vegetable substances with water.

For description of various decoction vessels, see Remington's " Prac-
tice of Pharmacy."

General Official Formula. — "An ordinary decoction, the strength of
which is not directed by the physician, shall be prepared by the following
formula : —

" Take of—

The Substance, coarsely comminuted, ... 50 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity

To make 1000 cubic centimeters, 1000 Cc.

"Introduce the Substance in a suitable vessel provided with a cover,
pour upon it 1000 Cc. of Cold Water, cover it well, and boil for fifteen
minutes; then let it cool to about 40° C. (104° F.), express the liquid,
and pass through the strainer enough cold water to make the product
measure 1000 Cc.

"Caulion. — The strength of Decoctions of energetic or powerful sub-
stances should be specially prescribed by the physician."

ALCOHOLIC LIQUIDS MADE BY PERCOLATION OR
BIACERATION.

TINCTUR/E -TINCTURES.

Tincture : A tinrture is an alcoholic solution of a mrdi( inal substance.

Difference between Tincture and Spirit: The former, with one
exception, are solutions of non-volatile substances in alcohol, while the
latter are of volatile substances.

Processes Used : Percolation, maceration, solution or dilution.

Menstrua Employed : Alcohol, diluted alcohf)! of various strengths,
aromatic spirits of ammonia, or mixtures of aW ohol, water, and glycerin.

Example of a Tincture made by solution or dilution : Tr. Iodine,
madr by dis-solving lo^iinr in aIrf)ho|.

Two general classes of Tinctures : Simple and compound Tinctures.

48

PHARMACY.

Why Glycerin is used in Tinctures : To prevent precipitation on
standing.

There are sixty-three Official Tinctures, which may be classified
according to percentage of active constituents as follows: —

SYLLABUS OF TINCTURES.

Classes:

Per cent. Most Active

Const.

Constituents in
looo Cc.

Menstruum Cc.
IN 1000 Cc.

Dose.

TiNCTURA.

Class I = 1 .6 per cent.
Opii Camphorata, . .

Class 2 = 2 per cent.
Nucis Vomicae,

Class 3 = 45 per cent.
Lavandulae Compos-
ita, ....

Pwd. O., Benz. Acid.Camph.,
each4Gm.; Ol. Anise. 4 Cc.

Ext. Nux. Vom., 20 Gm.

O). Lav. Fl., 8 Cc; Ol.
Rosem., 2 Cc; S. Cin., 20
Gm.; Cloves, s Gm.; Nut-
meg, 10 Gm.; R. Saund.,
10 Gm.

Gambir, 50 Gm.; S. Cin.. 25

Gm.
Kino, so Gm.

Musk, 50 Gm.

Card.. 25 Gm.; S. Cin., 25
Gm.; Caraway, 12; Coch..
S-

Iodine, 70 Gm.; KI so Gm.

Aconite, 100 Gm.
Aloes, 100 Gm., Glycyr., 200
Gm.

Belladonna Lvs., 100 Gm.

Indian Cannabis, 100 Gm.

Cantharides, 100 Gm.

Capsicum, 100 Gm.

Coich. seed (0.55 P- c. Colch-
icine), 1*00 Gm.

Digitalis, 100 Gm.

Gelsemium, 100 Gm.

Gent., IOC Gm.;B. Or. Peel,
40 Gm.; Card., 10 Gm.

Hyoscyam. (0.8 myd. alks.),
100 Gm.

G. 40, D. A. to
1000.

A. 750, W. 2S.
A. 7SO, W. 2SO.

D. Alcohol.

G. 150, A. 650,

W. 200.
A. so, W. SO.

G. so, D. Alco-
hol.

Alcohol.

A. 700, W. 300.
D. Alcohol.

D. Alcohol.

Alcohol.

Alcohol.

A. 950, W. 50.

A. 600, W. 400.

D. Alcohol.

8 Cc. (2 fl. dr.).
0.6 Cc. (10 TTl).

2 Cc. (30 TTl).

Class 4=5 per cent.
Gambir Composita,.

Kino

4 Cc (i fl. dr.).
4Cc (ifl. dr.).

Moschi

4Cc. (i fl. dr.).

Class 5 = 6.2 percent.
Cardamomi Com-
posita

4 Cc. (i fl. dr.).

Class 6=7 per cent,
lodi,

0.1 Cc. (i>i m).

Class7=io percent.

0.6 Cc (10 m).

Aloes,

2 Cc. (30 m).

Belladonnas Folio-

o.s Cc (8 m).

Cannabis Indicae,...

Cantharidis,

Capsici

Colchici Seminis, . . .

Digitalis,

o.6Cc.(iorn).
0.3 Cc (s Til).
o.sCc(8Tn).
2Cc(3oni).

I Cc. (is ni).

Oelsemii,

A. 650, W. 3SO. o.sCc (STTl).

Gentianae Composita,
Hyoscyami,

A. 600, W. 400. 4Cc. (ifl. dr.).
D. Alcohol. I Cc. (15 m)-

A. = Alcohol. W. = Water. D. A. = Dilute Alcohol.

Acetic Add.

Glycerin. Ac. A.

LIQUIDS — TINCTURES.

Syllabus of Tinctures. — (Continued.)

49

Classes:

Per cent. Most Active

Ccmst.

Constituents in
1000 Cc.

Menstruum Cc.
IN 1000 Cc.

Dose.

TlNCrURA.

Class 7= lo per cent.
Lobeliae,

Lobelia, 100 Gm.

Gr. Opium (12-12.5 cryst.

morph.), 100 Gm.
G. Opium (12-12.S cryst.

morph.), 100 Gm.

Physostig. (o.is p. c. ether-
sol, alkaloids), 100 Gm.
•Sanguinaria, 100 Gm.

Squill, 100 Gm.

Stram. (0.3s p. c. myd. alks.),

100 Gm.
Strophanthus, 100 Gm.
Vanilla, 100 Gm.; Sugar,

200 Gm.
Vcratrum, 100 Gm.

Sol. Ferric Chlor., 3S0 Cc.

Aloes. Myrrh. Glycyr., each

100 Gm.
Arnica, 200 Gm.
A.safetida, 200 (Jm.
Bitter Orange Peel, 200 Gm.

Benzoin, 200 Gm.

Calendula, 200 Gm.

Calumba. 200 Gm.

Cardamom, 200 Gm.

(!imicifujia, 200 Gm.

Cinch. (4 p. c. A. eth.-sol.
alk). 200 Gm.

R. Cinchon., 100 Gm., Bitter
Orange Peel. 80 Gm., Ser-
pent. 20 Gm.

Saigon Cin., 200 Gm.

Nutsall. 200 Gm.
Guaiac, 200 Gm.
Guaiac. 200 Gm.

Hydraatis. 200 Gm.
Tr. I>eod. Opium. 1000 Cc;
Fldezt. Ipecac. 100 Cc.

D. Alcohol.

A. so. W. so.

A. 200, P. Benz.

75, Water to

1000 Cc.
Alcohol.

Ac. A. 20, A.

600, W. 400.
A. 750. W. 250.
D. Alcohol.

A. 6so, W. 350.
A. 6so. W. 3SO.

Alcohol.

Alcohol,7so, VV.
2 so.

A. 750, W. 250.

D. Alcohol.

Alcohol.

A. 600. W. 400.

Alcohol.

A. 600. W. 400.

D. Alcohol.

Alcohol.

A. 675. W. 250.

G. 75.
G 75. A. 675.

W. 250.

G. 75. A. 675.

W. 250.
G. 100. A. 000.
Alcohol.
Spts. Ammon.

Arom.
A. 650, W. ISO.
DILAlcohof.

fEx. I Cc. (is

Opii,

Lm. 4 Cc. (i
fl.dr.).

o.s Cc. (8 m).

Opd E>eodorati

Physostigmatis.

Sanguinaria;

Sdllse

o.s Cc. (8 m).

I Cc. (is ni).

1 Cc. (is m).
I Cc. (i^ m).

o.s Cc. (8 ni).

Strophanthi,

Vanilbe

o.s Cc. (8 m).

Veratri,

I Cc. (is n\).

Class 8-13.3 per
cent.
Fe»ri Chloridi

ClaM9-2o per cent.
Aloes etMyrrhz,...

o.s Cc. (8 m).

2Cc. (30 m).

:g:l:;!!l!:

4Cc. (i fl.dr.).

1 Cc. (.5 "1).

4Cc. (i fl.dr.).
4Cc. (i fl.dr.).
4 Cc. (i fl. dr.).
4Cc. <i fl.dr).

4Cc. (1 fl.dr).

2 Cc. (30 m).

4 Cc. (i fl. dr.).
4 Cc. (1 fl. dr).
2Cc. (.loTTI).

4Cc. (i fl. dr.).

A«afortid«

Aorantii Amari

Benzoini

CalenduUr

Cahimb*

CarfUnMJmi

rimicifugar

Cinchona.

ita

Cinnamomi

GalUr

Guaiad

GuaiaciAmmoniau,

Hydrastiii

Ipecacuanb«etOpu.

0.5 Cc. (8 m).

A. -> Alcohol. W. - Water. D. A. - Dilute Alcohol.

Acetic Add.

5

G. - Glycerin. Ac. A.

50

PHARMACY.

Syllabus or Tinctures. — {Continued.)

Classes:

Per cent. Most Active

Const,

Constituents in
1000 Cc.

Menstruum Cc.
IN 1000 Cc.

Dose.

TmCTURA.

Class 9=20 per cent.

Krameria, 200 Gm.
Myrrha, 200 Gm.
Pyrethrum, 200 Gm.
Quassia, 200 Gm.
Quillaja, 200 Gm.

Rhubarb, 200 Gm.; Card.,

40 Gm.
Rhub., 200 Gm.; S. Cin.,

40 Gm.; Cloves, 40 Gm.;

Nutmeg, 20 Gm.
Serpentaria, 200 Gm.
Balsam of Tolu. 200 Gm.
Valerian, 200 Gm.

Valerian, 200 Gm.

Ginger, 200 Gm.

Benz., 100 Gm.; P. Aloes, 20
Gm.; Storax, 80 Gm.; B.
Tolu, 40 Gm.

Sweet Orange Pe^l from fresh
fruit, 500 Gm.

Lactucarium, 500 Gm.

Lemon Peel from fresh fruit,
500 Gm.

500 Gm.

Dil. Alcohol.
Alcohol.

A. 350. W. 650.
Decoction 4- A.

350.
G. 100, A. 500,

W. 400.
G.^oo.^A.500,

iic?h°ol.^—
A. 750, W. 250.

Spts. Ammon.

Arom.
Alcohol.

Alcohol.

Alcohol.

G.2SO, P. Benz.,

D. A.
Alcohol.

Alcohol.

4 Cc. (i fl. dr.).

Myrrhae,

I Cc. (15 TTl).

Pyrethri,

2 Cc. (30 V\).

Quillajs,

Rhei

4 Cc. (i fl. dr.).

Rhei Aromatica, ...

Serpentariae

Tolutana,

2 Cc. (30 m).

4Cc. (i fl. dr.).

2 Cc. (?o rri)

ValerianjE,

4 Cc. (i fl. dr.).

Valerianae Ammoni-
ata,

2 Cc. (30 TTl).

Zingib^ris,

2 Cc. (30 TTl).

Class 10= 24 percent.
Benzoini Composita,

Class 1 1 = so per cent.
Aurantii Dulcis,

Lactucarii,

Limonis Corticis,...

Class 12 = 50 per cent.

Tincturae Herbanim
Recentium,

4 Cc. (i fl. dr.).

1 Cc. (is TTl).

2 Cc. (30 TTl).

A. - Alcohol. W. = Water.

D. A. = Dilute Alcohol.
Acetic Acid.

G. = Glycerin. Ac. A.

STANDARDIZED TINCTURES.

When Assayed by the Process Given by the Pharmacopceia.

Tinctura:
Aconiti .

Belladonnae Foliorum.
Cinchonae

.should contain in 100 Cc. 0.045 Gm. Aconitine.

ColchiciSeminis.
Hydrastis ......

Hyoscyami

Nucis Vomicae . .

Opii

Opii Deodorati .
Physostigmatis . .
Stramonii

0.030

" Alkaloids.

0.750

" Anhydrous, ether-soluble
alkaloids.

0.040

" Colchicine.

0.400

" Hydrastine.

0.007

" Mydriatic alkaloids.

O.IOO

" Strychnine.

1.2 to I

.25 Gm. Crvst. morphin.

1.2 to ]

"

0.014 Gm. Ether-sol. alkaloids.

0.025

" Mydriatic "

UQUIDS — MEDICATED WINES.

51

TINCTURES OF RECENT PLANTS.

Tincturae Herbarum Recentium: " These tinctures, when not other-
wise directed, are to be prepared by the follo^^'ing formula: —

Take of

The Fresh Herb, bruised or crushed, 500 grammes, or. . 500 Gm.

Alcohol, 1000 cubic centimeters, or looo Cc.

"Macerate the Herb with the alcohol for fourteen days with occa-
sional stirring; then strongly express the liquid and filter through paper."

VINA MEDIC.\TA— MEDICATED WINES.

Vina Medicata, or Medicated Wines : Medicated Wines are liquid
preparations containing the soluble principles of medicinal substances
dissoh^ed in Wine.

The U. S. P. does not recognize any special variety of Wine, but only
the general classes of white and red.

Amount of Alcohol which Wine should contain : Not less than 7
nor more than 12 per cent. b>' weight (equivalent to 8.5 to 15 per cent,
by N-olumc) of absolute alcohol.

Vinum Album (White Wine). An alcoholic liquid, made by fer-
menting the juice of fresh grapes, the fruit of Vitis vinijera (Fam.
Vitaceac), freed from seeds, stems, and skins, and subjected to the usual
cellar-treatment for fining and aging. A pale, amber-colored or straw-
colored liquid, having a pleasant odor free from yeastiness, and a fruity,
agreeable, slightly spirituous taste, without excessive sweetness or acid-
ity. When White Wine is prescribed without further specification, it
is recommended that a dry White Wine of domestic production be
employed.

Vinum Rubrum (Red Wine). An alcoholic liquid, made by fer-
m^'ntin^ thr juice of fresh, red-colored grapes, the fruit of Vitus vinijera^
I- ■ of their skins, and subjected to the usual cellar-treatment

tnd aging. A deep red liquid, having a pleasant odor free
\x•>u^ vr-<Miineaft, anda fruity, moderately astringent, pleasant and slightly
aridulouft taste, without excessive sweetness or acidity. When Red
Wine is prescribed without further specification, it is recommended that
a dr\' Red Wine of domestic production (such as Native Claret, Bur-
gundy, etc.) be employed.

There are eight Medicated Wines official in the U. S. P., as follows:

TMk.

A€»tm CmtUtmrnk.

Pr0Pirliu.

D0m.

VnOTM:
Antimnnii

Taftar-Eiiicdco.4^-
Coca. 6.5 It.

Eftocjof

Cii. Iron and Amnioa.. 4 4.
atMronandQiiiiitoe.s*.

Stimulant.
Wiiretk.
Etnmauicogue.
Parturient.

sssr'-

1 Cc. (15 tn).

Enour

i6Cc.(4fl.dr.).
a Cc. (w m).
8 Cc. (a fl. dr.).

Fmi

8 Cc. U fl. dr.).
8 Cc. (a fl. dr.).

l.s CcVs nf ).

Ferri AmsnuB

52 PHARMACY.

FLUIDEXTRACTA— FLUIDEXTRACTS.

Fluidextracts : Liquid alcoholic preparations of nearly uniform and
definite strength, made by percolating drugs with menstrua, and con-
centrating a portion of the percolate, so that in each case a cubic centi-
meter represents the medicinal virtue of one gramme of the drug; they
are mostly concentrated tinctures.

Characteristic peculiarity of Fluideztracts : They represent the
activity of the drug, volume for weight, or one minim of fluidextract
always represents about one grain of the drug from which it is prepared.

Advantages over Tinctures : They are uniform, definite, and con-
centrated.

Advantages of Tinctures over Fluideztracts : First, In some cases
the alcohol menstruum of the tincture is to be desired. Second, Tinc-
tures may be added in small proportions to aqueous preparations,
without serious precipitation.

Five Principal methods of preparing Fluidextracts now in use :
I. Percolation with partial evaporation (official). 2. Percolation with
incomplete exhaustion. 3. Repercolation (Squibb). 4. Continuous
Percolation. Robert W. Beck's modification of Squibb's process.

Typical Formula for an official Fluidextract : " 1000 grammes of
the powdered drug are moistened with a certain quantity of menstruum,
packed in a suitable percolator, and enough menstruum added to saturate
the powder and leave a stratum above it; the lower orifice of the per-
colator is closed when the liquid begins to drop, the percolator is closely
covered to prevent evaporation and permit maceration for a specified
time; additional menstruum is poured on, and percolation continued
slowly until the drug is exhausted. Usually about 800 Cc. of the first
portion of the percolate is reserved, and the remainder evaporated at a
temperature not exceeding 50° C (122° F.) to a soft extract; this is to
be dissolved in the reserved portion, and enough menstruum added to
make the fluidextract measure 1000 Cc." — Remington.

Why the latter portion of the percolate is reserved and evapo-
rated to a soft extract : The evaporation of the latter portion of the
percolate permits concentration of the preparation without exposing the
stronger portion to heat.

What is meant by Percolation with Incomplete Exhaustion :
The modification of the official process is based upon the principle that
the first seventy-five per cent, of the percolate contains seventy-five per
cent, of drug. Acting under this assumption, the process is stopped
here, and the fluid extract declared finished, and of full strength.

What is claimed in favor of this method : Saving of alcohol, and
the use of heat. It is claimed that the wastage of alcohol comes from
trying to recover the remaining 25 per cent, of the activity of the drug;
and the use of heat is entirely obviated.

What is urged against the method : If percolation is properly con-
ducted, the first 75 per cent, of the percolate probably does contain 75

*For a full description of the processes referred to, see Remington's "Practice of
Pharmacy."

LIQUIDS — OFFICIAL FLUIDEXTRACTS.

53

per cent., or more, of the desired portions of the drug. But the official
process, by carrj'ing the percolation to complete exhaustion, insures
against want of care and skill in conducting the operation, as the re-
maining activities are secured by the continuance of the percolation and
final concentration.

The official Fluidextracts may be arranged in classes according to
the alcoholic strength of their menstrua, as follows: —

OFFICIAL FLUIDEXTRACTS

Arranged in Classes according to the Alcoholic Strength of their

Menstrua, with Manipulative Notes.

Namz.

Clui I.
Fhudatnctum Aroma
ticum,

Canoati
Capsd....
Cimidfugv,
CabebK...

LupuliBi...

SabiiUF

V«T«tri. . .
Zincibrris. .

Eriodictyi. ..
Emmynd....

U.

im

J.
FMdrxtncitMi

BkJm

Cdmi ....

tpccacvMkiR,
Lrpiaadne...

II

ZG

350

300
500
250
aoo
300

aso
300
250

SSO

400
3SO

400
300

350

300
300

JSO
400

JOO

ISO

Menstruum.

Akobol.

Alcohol, 4.
Water, 1.

Alcohol, 3.
Wat«r. I.

850

000
900

QOO

goo
900
900
900
900
900

800

900
800

IS

800

8so
900

F

850

8so

Process and Remarks.

From Aromatic Pow-
der.

Having moistened the
powder, exhaust with
the menstruum, re-
serve the number of
Cc. directed, and dis-
til or evaporate the
remainder to a soft
extract; add this to
the reserved portion
and sufficient men-
struum to make the
whole measure 1000
Cc.

Aaayed, spectai pro-

A«ayed, special pro-

Aaiayed, ipedal pro-

Aaayed, ipedal pro-

54

PHARMACY,

Official Fluidextracts. — (Continued.)

Name.

Class 3.

Matico,

Nucis Vomica,

Sumbul, ..
Valerianse,
Xanthoxyli,

Class 4.

Fluidextractum
umbae,

Cal-

Menstruum.

300
1000

400
300
250

300

Class 5-

Fluidextractum Aurantii

Amari I 350

300

Colchici Seminis,
Hyoscyaroi,
Senegae, . . .

Stramonii,

Vibumi Opuli,

Vibiirni Prunifolii, ..

Class 6.

Fluidextractum Conval-
lariae,

Class 7.
Fluidextractum Berber-

idis,

Chimaphilie,

Chiratse

Cocae,

Conii,

Cypripedii,.
Digitalis,...
Ergotae, . . .

400

450

400

300
300

400
400
350
4SO

300

350
400
300

Alcohol, 3.
Water, i.

Alcohol, 7.
Water, 3.

Alcohol, 2.
Water, i.

Alcohol, 65.
Water, 35.

Diluted Alcohol.

850

900

850

850

000

850

800

850
850

700
800
850
700

800

850
850
850

Process and Remarks.

With 5 per cent, of
Acetic Acid added to
the menstruum to fix
alkaloids. Assayed,
special process.

Assayed, special pro-
cess.

Assayed, special pro-
cess.

With 3 per cent, of Solu-
tion of Potassium Hy-
droxide to menstru-
um, to dissolve pec-
tinous bodies.

Assayed, special pro-
cess.

Assayed, special pro-
cess.

With 2 percent, of Acetic
Acid added to the
menstruum to fix al-
kaloids. Assayed,
special process.

With 2 per cent, of
Acetic Acid added to
the menstruum to fix
alkaloids.

LIQUIDS — OFFICIAL FLmDEXTRACTS.

55

Official Fluidextracts.— (C(w/jn«*<f.)

Name.

Menstkucm.

pi

Process and Remarks.

Class 7

Eupatorii,

(lentiaiur,

Guaranr,

Krameriap, ..

I^ppsp

Phytolaccae, .

Pilocarpi,

Quiliaj«,

Rubi

Scutdlaric,..
Senn»

I -

Tarazaa

CiMi 8.

Fhiidrztnictuni Rhamni
Punhiaiur

CImb 9.

FIttidextractum Frangulc,

Class lo.
Fluidextjactum Quaariir,
SamparilUr

Diluted Alcohol.

400
350
300
400
400
400
350
400
350
350
400

300
300
300

350

Flaidatracturo
cboa»

Cin.

Apocyr

Gcnni.
Hydrastis, .

350

joo

Alcohol, 3.
Water, 3.

Alcohol, 5.
Water, 8.

Alcohol, I.
Water, 2.

800
800
700
800
800
800
750
800
800
800
800

850

850

800

Containing
ceiin.
f Glycerin.
•{Akofaol.
iWaier.

fGlycerin,
Alcohol.

.Water.
Glycerin,

Oly-

:}

,Wat<r.
Glyrerin.

.Water.

:}

700

900
Soo

7SO

Assayed, special process.

Assayed, special process.

The Senna first exhaust-
ed with Alcohol, to re-
move resins, dried,
and the process con-
tinued as usual.

With 5 per cent, of Solu-
tion of Potassium Hy-
droxide to menstruum
to neutralize .\cids.

Having moistened the
powder, exhaust with
the menstruum, re-
serve the number of
Cc. directed and distil
or evaporate the re-
mainder lo a soft ex-
tract; add this to the
reserved portion and
sutTicient menstruum
to make the whole
measure 1000 Cc.

Finish percolation with
Akobol, 4; Water. 1.
AMayed, special pro-

Finish percolaUoo
with Alcohol. 3;
Water, a

^nlsb percolation with
Akobol, a; Water. 1.
A«ayed, special pro-

56

PHARMACY.

Official Fluidextracts.-

-(Continued.)

■B2 .

•S .

Name.

Menstruum.

Pr(x:ess and Remarks.

Containing Gly-

Class II.

cerin.
(Glycerin, 10.)

Pareirae,

400

i Alcohol, 60. y

850

(Water, 30.)

Rhamni Purshianae

(Glycerin, as-'

Special process.

Aromaticum,

400

< Alcohol, so. •
Water, 25.

800

Granati,

400

f Glycerin, 10. i
\ Dil. Alcohol, 90. 1

800

QuercuS,

400

( Glycerin, 10. )

Dil. Alcohol, 90./

f Glycerin, 10. )

1 Dil. Alcohol, 90.1

700

Finish percolation

with Diluted Alco-

Rhois Glabrae,

350

800

hol.

Rosae,

4.x.

400

( Glycerin, 10. )
1 Dil. Alcohol, ;
/Glycerin, 10.)
t Dil. Alcohol, 90. i

7SO
800

Sarsaparillae Composi-
tum,

Finish percolation with
Diluted Alcohol.

( Glycerin, 10. )

Finish percolation with

Hamatnelidis,

350

\ Alcohol, 30. y

( Water, 60. )

850

Alcohol, i; Water, 2.

(Glycerin, 20.)

Finish percolation with

Pruni Virginianae,

300

< Alcohol, 20. y
( Water, 60. )
(Glycerin, 30.)

Alcohol, I ; Water, 4.
Finish percolation with

Uv« Ursi

400

4. Alcohol, 20. y

(Water, 50.]

800

Alcohol, 2; Water, 5.

Having moistened the

Acetic Acid

powder, exhaust with

Class 12.

10 Per cent.

the menstruum, re-

Fluidextractum Lobeliae,

35°

« «

900

serve the number of

Sangiiinariae,

iS

« <i

850

Cc. directed, and dis-

ScUl«,

til or evaporate the

remainder to a soft

extract; add this to

the reserved portion

and sufficient men-

struum to make the

whole measure 1000

Class 13.

Boiling Water.

Cc.

Fluidextractum Glycyr-
rhizae.

«< «

Macerate the Glycyrrhiza

with 400 Cc. of Boiling

Water; pack in percolator

and pour Boiling Water

upon it until exhausted;

evaporate the percolate

to 450 Cc, add 450 Cc.

Alcohol, allow it to stand

three days, distil off the

Alcohol, add 250 Cc. Gly-

cerin, 50 Cc. Ammonia

Water, 200 Cc. Alcohol,

and sufficient Water to

make the whole measure

1000 Cc.

LIQUIDS — OFFICIAL FLUIDEXTRACTS.

57

I

Official Fluidextracts. — {Continued.)

Name.

HI

Menstsdum.

■5 ^

Process and Remarks.

Ckss 13.

Tritid

Boilin« Water.

Percolate the triticum with

Boiling Water until ex-
hausted, evaporate to
750 Cc, add 250 Cc. of
Alcohol, filter, and add
enough of a mixture of
1 volume of Alcohol with
3 volumes of Water to
make the whole measure
1000 Cc.

0.05 Cc. (I
Aconite.

BeOadonna Root.
Cannabis, Indian.
Capakiun.

Digiulis.
GdKmii

luin.

Ipecac (expectorant).
Nux Vomica.
Scopob.
Supbiaa^ria.
Straroonjum.

0.1 Cc. (t) minims).
Phytolacca (alterative).
Sanguinaria.

Veratrum.

0.2 Cc. (3 minims).
Cootum.
QoObK

0.3 Cc. (5 minims).
Savin.

o.s Cc. (8 minims).
Convallaria.
Eaoovmua.
Lobefia.
LoDulin.
I^Mopbyllam.

I Cc. (15 minims).

Apocynum.

Aromatic.

Calamus.

Chirata.

Cimidfuga.

Cinchona.

Cubebs.

Cypripedium.

Elnodictyon.

Frangula.

Gentian.

Ipecac (emetic).

Krameria.

Leptandni.

Phytolacca (emetic).

Quercus.

Rhamnus Pur- ( Cascara

( Sagrada.
( Ca-vara
< Sagrada

Rhamnus Pur.

Aromatic.

RhuUrb.

Rhus GUbca.

Rubus.

Scutellaria.

Seneca.

Serpen taria.

2Ungiber.

2 Cc. (30
Berberis.
Buchu.
Caluraba.
Chimaphila.
Coca.
Colchicum.

( Aromat.

Ergot.

Eucalyptus.

Glycyrrhiza.

Granatum.

Grindelia.

Guarana.

Hamamelis.

Hydrastis.

Hyoscyamus.

Lappa.

Pilocarpus.

Prunus Virginiana.

Rose.

Sarsaparilla, Compotmds.

Senna.

Stillingia.

Sumbul.

Uva Ursi.

Valerian.

Viburnum Opulus.

Prunifolium.
Xanthoxylum.

4 Cc. (I fluidrachm).
Matico.
SpigeUa.

8 Cc. (2 fluidrachms).
Taraxacum.
Triticum.

For Eztemal Use.
Mezetetmi.

58

PHARMACY.

0.40 Gm. of Aconitine.

STANDARDIZED FLUIDEXTRACTS.
The Pharmacopoeia directs that the following Fluidextfacts shall be
standarized by process of assay given :

Fluid EXTR ACTUM :

Aconiti, 100 Cc.

Belladonnae Radicis, 100 "

Cinchonae, 100 "

Cocae, 100 "

Colchici Seminis, 100 "

Conii, 100 "

Guaranse, 100 "

Hydrastis, 100 "

Hyoscyami, 100 "

Ipecacuanha, 100 "

Nucis Vomicae, 100 "

Pilocarpi 100 "

Scopolae 100 "

Stramonii, 100 "

= 0.40 "
= 400 "

" Mydriatic alkaloids.

" Anhydrous ether-soluble alkaloids

= 0.50 "
= 0.40 "

= 0.4s ''

= 3SO
= 2.00

= 0.07s "

" Colchicine.
" Coniine.
" Alkaloids.
" Hydrastine.
" Alkaloids.

= 1.00 "
= 0.40 "
= 0.50 "
= o.as "

" Strychnine.

" Alkaloids.

" Mydriatic alkaloids.

OLEORESINOUS LIQUIDS MADE BY PERCOLATION.

OLEORESIN^— OLEORESINS.

Oleoresinae, or Oleoresins : Official liquid preparations, consisting
principally of natural oils and resins extracted from vegetable substances
by percolation with acetone. They are the strongest liquid preparations
of drugs produced.

General formula for their preparation : Percolate the powdered
drug, in a cylindrical percolator provided with a stop-cock cover, and
receptacle suitable for volatile liquids, with acetone, until exhausted,
recovering the greater part of the acetone by distillation, and exposing
the residue, in a capsule, to spontaneous evaporation until the remaining
acetone has evaporated.

There are six official oleoresins: —

Title.

Average Yield and Properties.

Dose.

Oleoresina
Aspidii, . .
Capsici, ..
Cubebae, .
Lupulini,.
Piperis, . .
Zingiberis,

10-15 /^- Taenicide.

5 i. Stimulant, Rubefacient.

18-25 /^- Diuretic, Expectorant,

50 ^. Tonic, Sedative.

5 ^. Stimulant.

6-8 ^. Stimulant.

2 Gm.(3o gr.).
30 Mg. {\ gr.).
500 Mg. (ri gr.).
200 Mg. (3 gr.).
30 Mg. (i gr.).
30 Mg. (i gr.).

ACETOUS LIQUIDS MADE BY PERCOLATION.

ACETA— VINEGARS.
Aceta, or Vinegars : Medicated vinegars are solutions of the active
principles of drugs in diluted acetic acid, the latter being chosen as a
menstruum because acetic acid is not only a good solvent, but also

SOLIDS — EXTRACTS.

59

possesses antiseptic properties. Their use dates from the time of
Hippocrates.

Acetic Acid is also of value as a menstruum, as it produces soluble
salts with the alkaloidal principles existing in plants.

Menstruum used for their preparation : The official diluted Acetic
Acid.

There are two official vinegars: —

Acetum Opii (Vinegar of Opium) [Black Drop]. Opium, lo per cent. ;
nutmeg, 3 per cent.; sugar, 20 per cent. Sedative. Dose 0.3 to i Cc.
(2 to 1515).

Acetum Scillae (Vinegar of Squill). 10 per cent. Squill. Expector-
ant. Dose I to 3 Cc. (J to J f[. dr.).

SOLIDS.

SOLID PREPARATIONS MADE BY PERCOLATION OR
MACERATION.

EXTRACT A— EXTRACTS.

Extracta, or Extracts: "Extracts are solid or semi-solid prepara-
tions, produced by evaporating solutions of vegetable substances."

Rule in regard to yield: The more aqueous the menstruum, the greater
is the yield of extract; the more alcoholic the menstruum, the smaller
the yield.

RuU in regard to strength: This is not founded on amount of extract
>'iclded by a given menstruum, but on amount of active constituents
present in the finished product.

Solid extracts are prepared either —

(a) From the drieid and powdered drug, by extraction with a solvent,
or

(6) From the fresh, moist drug, by expression alone.

Tufo degrees of consistency recognized By U. S. P. — The soft, or pilular,
and the hard extract. The latter admit of being reduced to powder.

There are twenty-eight official Extracta which may be classed accord-
ing to menstrua employed, as follows: —

I. ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS.

TUU.

Dose
Metric.

D0S4

Emg.

ExnucTVM—

asas*"^ *

tS*

* Made from fluidcstnct

60

PHARMACY.

II. HYDRO-ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS.

TUle.

Dose
Metric.

Dose
Eng.

EXTRACTUM—

Belladonnae Foliorum,

loMg.
30 Mg.
10 Mg.
250 Mg.
125 Mg.
65 Mg.
250 Mg.

2S0Mg.

250 Mg.
10 Mg.
10 Mg.

250 Mg.
I Gm.

igr.
4gr.
2gr.
I gr.
4gr.
4gr.
4gr.

JiJ;

4gr.
15 gr.

Colocynthidis,

♦Digitalis,

Ergotae (with DU. HCl and Monhyd. Sod. Carb.)

♦Euonymi,

♦Hyoscyami, •. .

♦Leptandrse,

Rhamni Purshianae,

*Rhei,

Scopolae,

♦Stramonii,

*Sumbul, ...

Taraxaci

♦ Made from fluidextract.

III. AQUEOUS EXTRACTS.

TiUe.

EXTRACTUM —

Aloes (Boiling Water),

Colchici Cormi (with Acetic Acid),

Gentians, ^

fGlycyrrhizae,

Glycyrrhizae Punim (with Ammonia Water and Glycerin),

Haematoxyli,

Krameriae,

Malti,

Nucis Vomicae (with Acetic Acid),

Opii,

Quassiae,

Dose

Dose

Metric.

Eng

125 Mg.

agr.

65 Mg.
250 Mg.

1 gr,
4gr.

I Gm.

iSgr.

1 Gm.

15 gr.

I Gm.

15 gr.

SooMg.

8gr.

16 Cc.

4fldr.

isMg.

igr.

30 Mg.

igr.

6s Mg.

I gr.

fThe commercial extract of licorice root.

IV. COMPOUND EXTRACTS.

Title.

Dose
Metric.

Dose
Eng.

ExTRACTUM —

Colocynthidis Compositum,

500 Mg.

8gr.

SOLIDS — POWDERS.

61

mydriatic alkaloids,
colchicine,
mydriatic alkaloids,
strychnine,
morphine.

ether-soluble alkaloid,
mydriatic alkaloids.

STANDARDIZED EXTRACTS.
Exm actum:

Belladonnae FoUonun, i .4 per cent.

Colchici Cormi, 1 .4 " "

Hj-osc^ami 0.3 " "

Nuds VomictB, 5.0 " "

Opii 20.0 " "

Physostigmatis 2 .0 " "

Sc^mIc a.o " "

Stramooii i.o " "

The extracts of Cimicifuga, Euonymus, Leptandra, Physostigma, and
Cascara Sagrada, contain glycyrrhiza (peeled, Russian).

Extracts of Pilular Consistence : Ext. belladonnae foliorum, can-
nabis indicaj, colchici cormi, digitalis, ergotae, gentiana?, glycyrrhizae
purum, hyoscyami, malti (thick honey), rhei, scopolae, stramonii, sum-
bul, taraxaci.

Extracts, Solid : Ext. aloes, glycyrrhizae, haematoxyli, krameriae.

Extracts, Powdered : Cimicifugae, colocynthidis, colocynthidis com-
posituni, cuonymi, leptandrae, nucis vomicae, opii, physostigmatis, quas-
siae. rhamni purshians.

RESIN/E— RESINS.

Resins or Resins : The official resins are solid preparations, con-
sisting principally of the resinous principles from vegetable bodies, pre-
pared by precipitating them from their alcoholic solution with water.

Thf re are three official resins: —

Jalapae (p^^mring a tincture into water). Dose, 125 Mg. (2 gr.).

Podophylli (pouring a tincture into water acidulated with HCl).
Dost purgative, 15 Mg. (\ gr.); laxative, 5 Mg. (^ gr.).

Scammonii (pouring a tincture, made by digesting Scammony in
boiling alcohol, into water). Dose 200 Mg. (3 gr.).

SOLID PREPARATIONS MADE WITHOUT PERCOLATION
OR MACERATION.

PULVERES— POWDERS.

There are nine official powders: —

TUU.

Accuaildi Compoatus

(Anttkamnia?).
AiDfTuuims.

Crete ComfXMitus.

Eflenrexens Compontus
(SddKu Powder).

Constituents.

Properties and Dose.

AceUnilid, 70 Gm.; Caffdn, 10 Relieves pain, 500 Mg.

Gm.; Sodium Ricarb., ao Gm. (8 gr.).
P. Cinnamon, ^5 fim.; P. (;ingcr, Aromatic, iGm.(is gr.).

35 Gm.; P. Cardamon, 15 Gm.; '

P. Nutmeg, 15 Gm. |

Prep.Chalk, 3oGm.; Acada, ao For Chalk Mixture, a

Gm.; Sugar, 50 Gm.
Sodium Bicarb.. 31 Gm.; Roch-

ellc .Salt, 93 Gm.; Tartaric

Acid, 27 Gm.; Mix the Sod.

Bicarb, and Roch. ftalt, and

divide into 12 ptj». (blue papen).

Divide the T. Acid into la pU.

(white papers).

Gm. (30 gr.).
Laxative, i set of a pow-
ders.

62

PHARMACY.

TUle.

PuLVis :
Glycyrrhizae Compositus
(Licorice Powder).

Ipecacuanhse et Opii
(Dover's Powder).

Jalapae Compositus.

Morphinae Compositus
(Tully's Powder).

Rhei Compositus.

ConstiluetUs.

P. Senna, i8o Gm.; P. Licorice,
236 Gm.; Washed Sulphur, 80
Gm.; Oil Fennel, 4 Gm.; Su-
gar, SCO Gm.

P. Ipecac, 10 Gm.; P. Opium,
loGm.; Sugarof Milk,8oGm.
Ten grains contain a grain
each of the active constituents.

P. Jalap, 35 Gm.; Potass. Bitart.,
65 Gm.

Morph. Sulph., 1.5 Gm.; P.
Camphor, 32 Gm.; P. Liquor-
ice, ^2> Gm.; Precip. Calc.
Carb., 33.5 Gm.

P. Rhubarb, 25 Gm.; Magnesia,
6s Gm.; P. Ginger, 10 Gm.

Property and Dose.

Laxative, 4 Gm. (60 gr.).

Diaphoretic, 500 Mg. (8
gr).

Cathartic, 2 Gm. (30 gr.).

Diaphoretic, 500 Mg. (8
gr.).

Laxative, Antacid, 2
Gm. (30 gr.).

TRITURATIONES— TRITURATIONS.

Triturationes, or Triturations : A class of powders first introduced
into the U. S. P. of 1880, for the purpose of fixing a definite relation
between the active ingredient and the diluent.

General formula for their preparation, as directed by the U. S. P.

Take of — Definite Formula.

The Substance, 10 grammes, 10 Gm.

Sugar of Milk, in moderately fine powder, 90

grammes, 90 Gm.

To make 100 grammes, 100 Gm.

Weigh the Substance and Sugar of Milk separately; then place the
Substance, previously reduced, if necessary, to a moderately fine powder,
in a mortar; add about an equal measure of Sugar of Milk, mix well
by means of a spatula, and triturate the powders thoroughly together.
Then add fresh portions of the Sugar of Milk, from time to time, until
the whole is added, and continue the trituration after each addition
until the Substance is intimately mixed with the Sugar of Milk, and
reduced to a fine powder.

There is one official trituration : —

Trituratio Elaterina. Elaterin, 10 Gm.; Sug. Milk, 90 Gm. Dose,
30 Mg. (i gr.).

MASS^— MASSES.

Massae, or Masses : Pill masses are official under this name. They
are kept in bulk by pharmacists.

There are two official masses: —

Massa Ferri Carbonatis. 100 Gm. Fer. Sulph.; 46 Gm. Monohyd.
Carb. Sod.; 38 Gm. Clarif. Honey; 25 Gm. Sugar; syrup and distilled
water, each q. s. Syrup is added to the ferrous sulphate solution and
the wash water, to protect the ferrous salt against the absorption of
oxygen. Dose, 250 Mg. (4 gr.).

SOUDS — PILLS. 63

Massa Hydrargjrri. S3 Gm. Hg; lo Gm. Glycyrr.; 15 Gm. Althaea;
9 Gm. Glycerin; Honey of Rose, 33 Gm. Triturate the Hg with Honey
of Rose until it is extinguished and globules of mercury arc no longer
visible under a lens magnifying at least 10 diameters. Add the Glycerin,
then the Glycyrrhiza and .\lthjea gradually, and continue trituration
until the mass is homogeneous. Dose, 250 Mg. (4 gr.).

CONFECTIONES— CONFECTIONS.

Confectiones, or Confections : Saccharine, soft solids, in which one
f>r more metiicinal substances are incorj>orated, with the object of af-
fording an agreeable form for their administration and a convenient
method for their preservation. Old names, conserves and electuaries,
under which they have been in use for centuries.

Thf*rr are two official confections: —

C fectio Ro«aB.— R. Rose, 80 Gm.; P. Sugar, 640 Gm.; Clar.
i2oGm.; Rose W., 160 Gm.

^3cuu«. — Sen., 100 Gm.; Cas. Fist., 160 Gm.; Tamarind, 100 Gm.;
Prune, 70 Gm.; Fig, 120 Gm.; P. Sug., 555 Gm.; Ol. Coriander,
5 Gm.; Water, to make 1000 Gm.

PILULiC— PILLS.
i«, or Pills: Small, solid bodies, of a globular, ovoid, or len-
lafx*, which arc intended to be swallowed, and thereby produce
action.
: A hat a pill mass is composed, and what is required of it:
Ii is composed of ingredients and excipients. It is required that the
mass be 1, adhesive; 2, firm; 3, plastic.
How excipients are divided : Liquid and solid.

Liquid Excipients.
I. Water; u.v only when ingredients p^isscss inherent adhesiveness
iha* »»->»'T will develop,
idhrsive.
\'a«ia: more adhesive.
4. MuiiU((r .\fafia: most adhcsivi*. Pills are liable to become hard
and inv»hihlr if a* a< ia in any form is used a.i exc ipicnt.

. « rrin v»mrwhat adhesive. It is hygrr»fw-opic and keeps pills .v>ft.
uiiv verv adhesive. Colorless, and non-volatile at ordinary

for glur»»s<-, hut colors white pills.
.. ..antagcs of glucose, but possesses the disad-

h: Glycerin — adhesiveness of starch and jelly.
' tionahle feature.
I Similar to above.

it. Glucose, 4 OS. av.; Glycerin, i oz.

nzoic Add, I grain. Dissolve benzoic

III .1' 4> la, then the ^ucose, and let stand till

at may be

1 1

y

av.;

.\

«r^'

'■'■

d.

64 pharmacy.

Solid Excipients,

1. Confection of Rose : Useful when it is desired to dilute active ingre-
dients and increase bulk.

2. Bread Crumb: Used in making pills to contain croton oil, volatile
oils, etc.

3. Powdered Althaea: too bulky for ordinary use.

4. Soap: valuable for resinous substances. Not only makes excellent
mass, but increases the solubility of resins.

5. Rosin Cerate: for oxidizable substances, resins, etc.

6. Cacao Butter: for pills of permanganate of potassium, etc.

7. Petrolatum : for oxidizable substances as above.

How to divide the mass : On a graduated pill tile, or a pill machine.
The former is made of porcelain, but preferably of plate glass. In
either case the pill mass is rolled into a cylinder. In the former the
mass is divided into the required number of portions with a spatula.
In the latter it is divided by laying it upon the grooves of the lower
board in the pill machine; the upper board is applied so that the cutting
surfaces correspond with those on the lower board, and "by a slight
backward and forward motion, with downward pressure, the mass is
divided."

How to finish pills and keep them from adhering together:
Finish them either by rolling between the thumb and finger, or rotate
them under an adjustable pill finisher. To prevent them from adhering
together, dust with rice flour, powdered magnesium carbonate, lyco-
podium, powdered althaea, or powdered licorice root.

How pills may be coated : Pills may be coated with various sub-
stances. With gold or silver, "by first placing a drop of syrup of acacia
in a mortar, and after carefully spreading it over the surface with the
end of the finger, dropping in the pills, rotating them so that they shall
be uniformly coated with a very thin layer of mucilage, and then drop-
ping them into the gold or silver leaf contained in the coater — "a smooth
globular box, opening in the middle." An ordinary pill box will answer
the purpose. With gelatin, by a simply constructed machine, in which
the pills, arranged automatically in rows, are impaled on a system of
pins, afterward dipped in a hot solution of gelatin, twirled gently until
the coating is set, and rapidly dried by rotating on a wheel, after which
they are removed from the pins. This can be accomplished in fifteen
minutes. With sugar, by rotating them with a mixture of sugar and
starch in a pill coater, which consists of a caldron-shaped copper vessel
revolving at an incline, and heated by steam. The process can only
be accomplished economically on the large scale.

How compressed pills are manufactured: On the small scale
by Remington's compressed pill machine. It is made of cast steel, and
has at the ba^e two countersunk depressions, with a short post in the
center of each; a lenticular depression is made in the upper surface
of each post. Steel cylinders fit over the posts, and plungers fit in the
cylinders, with lenticular depressions to correspond with those on the
posts. The powder is compressed into pills between the lenticular
surfaces by blows on the plungers with a mallet; the pills are removed
by lifting the cylinders. On the large scale by power presses, working
on a similar principle.

SOLIDS— PILLS.

There are fifteen official pills: —

65

Titie.

Constituents.

Dose.

PIIULJE.

AkKs.

Aloes et Fcrri.

Aioes et Blastiches (.Moes
and Mntic Udy
WdMlcr Dinner PQb).

Akxset Myrrhc.

A»fGebdf.
CailMrticr Cowpnatr.

Caiharticy Vfytahilw

Fcrri Carboiutb(Femic-
— ChdYbeate
ad's nik.)

Fori

O^.

'^ttta

Purified Aloes and Soap, each 13

Gm., in 100 pills.
Purified Al<«s. Sulph. Iron and

Aromat. Powder, each 7 Gm.;

Confect. Ro^, q. s., in 100 pills.
Purified Aloes, 13 Gm.; Mastic,

4 Gm.; Red Rose, 3 Gm.; in
too pills.

Purified Aloes, 13 Gm.; Myrrh.
6Gm.; Aromat. Powd.. 4 Gm.;
S>Tup. q. s. 100 pills.
As.. 20 Gm.; Soap, 6 Gm.; 100

pUls.
Ext. Col. Comp., 80 Gm.; Calo-
md, 60 Gm.; Jalap (resin),
20 Gm.; Gamboge, 15 Gm.;
1000 pills.
Ext. Col. Comp., 60 Gm.; Ext.
Uvoacyam., 30 Gm.; Resin of
Jaiiap,2oGm.; Kxt. I^eptandra,
IS Gm.; Resin Podophyllum,
M Gm.; Oil of Peppermint, 8
Cc. in 1000 pills-
Ferrous Sulphate, 1 6 G m . ; Potass.
Cmrb.. 8 Gm.; Sugar, 4 Gm.;
Tragacanth, 1 Gm.; Althcm. i
Gm.; Glycerin and Water, q. s.
in too pilb.
Rcidacrd Iron, a Gm.; Iodine,

5 Gm.; P. Glycjrrr., 4 Gm.;
SOBU-, 4 Gm.; Kxt. Glycyrr.,
I Gm.; Acacia, 1 Gm.; q. i.
each Water, BaU. Tolu, and
Ether. (See U. S. P.)

Aloin. i.toGm.; Strychnin. 0.05
Gm.; Ext. Bd. I^eaves, 0.80
Gm.; Ipecac, 0.40 Gm.; Glycrr-
&lam,^jtioCtm.', .Syr., toopillt.

pDurd <>•- - ' - <;m.; boap.

Pkoa^ Mtlwm, A.00

Gm.; At-... '•- • ^^-

t with
• rd in

In
4Cc.of arri
certe, I vol \'.
loGm. Ilal>
IS Cc. Etbrr .
:•». Fodbphyl., tA Gm.; Ext.
Bdhd. Lmvci. 0.8 Gm.; Cap-
Gm.; S««. Milk.
t.6 Gm.;
ft. ***

RMwb. ijGn.; Aloc%^ieGm.;
Uytik, 6 Gmj Ol. Pep., 0.%
Gm.. to too pOb.

As a laxative, 1. 2, or 3
pills at bedtime; as a
purge, 5 imUs.

2 pills.

3 pills.

From 3 to 6 pills.

3 pills.
2pilU.

a pills.

a pills.

a pills.

t pin.
I piO.

t pin.

66

PHARMACY.

TROCHISCI— TROCHES.
Trochisci, or Troches : Troches, or lozenges, are solid, discoid, or
cylindrical masses, consisting chiefly of medicinal powders, sugar, and
mucilage. They are prepared by making the ingredients into a mass
which is rolled into a thin sheet, and cut into proper shape with a lozenge
cutter.

TABLE OF TROCHES.

TitU.

ConstUuents — loo Troches.

Each Troche
contains:

Trochisci.
Acidi Tannici.

Ammonii Chloridi

Cubebae.

Gambir.

Glycyrrhizae et
Opii.

Krameriae.

Potassii Chloratis.
Santonini.

Sodii Bicarbona-
tis.

Tannic Acid, 6 Gm.; Sugar, powd., 65 Gm.;
Tragacanth, powd., 2 Gm.; Stronger
Orange Flower Water, a sufiicient quan-
tity.

Ammonium Chloride, 10 Gm.; Extract of
Liquorice, 20 Gm.; Tragacanth, powd..
2 Gm.; Sugar, powd., 40 Gm.; Syrup of
Tolu, a sufficient quantity.

Oleoresin of Cubeb, 2 Gm.; Oil of Sas-
safras, I Cc, Extract of Liquorice, 25
Gm.; Acacia, powd.. 12 Gm.; Syrup of
Tolu, a sufficient quantity.

Gambir, powd., 6 Gm.; Sugar, powd., 65
Gm.; Tragacanth, powd., 2 Gm.; Str.
Or. Fl. Water, a sufficient quantity.

Extract of Liquorice, 15 Gm.; Powd.
Opium, 0.5 (im.; Acacia, powd., 12 Gm.,
Sugar, powd., 20 Gm.; Oil of Anise, 0.2
Cc; Water, a sufficient quantity.

Extract of Kramcria, 6 Gm.; Sugar, powd.,
6s Gm.; Tragacanth, powd., 2 Gm.;
Stronger Orange Flower Water, a suf-
ficient quantity.

Potassium Chlorate, 15 Gm.; Sugar, powd.,
60 Gm.; Tragacanth, powd., 3 Gm.;
Water, a sufficient quantity.

Santonin, 3 Gm.; Sugar, powd., 90 Gm.;
Tragacanth, powd, 3 Gm.; Stronger
Orange Flower Water, a sufficient quan-
tity. ,

Sodium Bicarbonate, 18 Gm.; Sugar, powd.,
54 Gm.; Nutmeg, bruised, i Gm.; Mucil-
age of Tragacanth, a sufficient quantity.

Tannic Acid, 0.06
Gm. (i gr.).

Ammonium Chloride,
0.1 Gm. (2 gr.).

Oleoresin Cubeb, 0.0a
Gm. (J gr.).

Gambir, 0.06 Gm.
(I gr.).

P. Opium, 0.00s Gm.
(J gr.).

Ext. Krameria, 0.06
Gm. (i gr.).

Potassium Chlorate,
o.ois Gm. (i gr.).

Santonin, 0.03 Gm.
(i gr.).

Sodium Bicarbonate,
0.18 Gm. (3gr.).

SOLID PREPARATIONS FOR EXTERNAL USE.
CATAPLASMA— CATAPLASMS.
Cataplasms are soft, ointment-like, medicated substances, of such
consistency that they may be easily spread upon muslin or similar ma-
terial, and produce local or systemic effects.

Cataplasma Kaolini, Cataplasm of Kaolin: Kaolin, 577 Gm.;
Boric Acid, 45 Gm.; Thymol, 0.5 Gm.; Methyl Salicylate, 2 Gm.;
Oil ol Peppermint,. D.s Gm..; Glycerin, 375 Gm.; to make 1000 Gm.

SOLIDS — OINTMENTS.

67

CERATA— CERATES.

Cerata, or Cerates : Cerates are unctuous substances of such con-
sistency that they may be easily spread, at ordinary temperatures, upon
muslin or similar material, with a spatula, and yet not so soft as to
liquefy and run when applied to the skin.

Why they are called cerates : Owing to the presence of wax (Cera).

What substances are used for bases : Oil, lard, petrolatum. Wax,
and sometimes paraffm or s|Krmaccti, in the presence of wax, are used
to raise the melting-point of the bases.

There are six official cerates. Two classes: —

TitU.

Composition.

Cennm (Simpk Cerate).
Ccnttiin Camphone.

Centum Canthandis (Blister-
ing Cerate)

Ceratum Fhunbi Subacetatis, .

Cetatun Restiue (Basilicon
Ointineot)

CcnnuD Rcwue Compoaitum
(Dnlrier's Sdve)

White Wax. 300 Gm.; White Petrolatum, aoo Gm.;

Benzoated Lard, 500 Gm.
Camfihor IJniment, 100 Gm.; White Wax. 350 Gm.;

\\'hite Petrolatum, 150 Gm.; Benzoatcd I>ard, 400 Gm.

Cantharides, 320 Gm.; Liquid Petrolatum, 150 Gm.;

Yellow Wax. 180 Gm.; Rosin, 180 Gm.; Lard, i7oGm.
Solution of I.ead Suhacetate. 20 Gm.; Wool-fat, 20

Gm.; Paraffin, 20 Gm.; White Petrolatum, 38 Gm.;

Camphor, 2 Gm.

Rosin, 350 Gm.; Yellow Wax, 150 Gm.; Lard, 500 Gm.

Rosin, 225 Gm.; Yellow Wax, 225 Gm.; Prepared Suet,
300 Gm.; Turpentine, 115 Gm.; Linseed Oil, 135 Gm.;
to make 1000 Gm.

UNGUENTA— OINTMENTS.
Ungucnta, or Ointments : Fatty preparations, of a softer consis-
tence than cerates, intended to be applied to the skin by inunction.

TMk.

Ptr eemt. #/ Aetkm

WMtc Wax. ao; Bciu. Lard.

80.
Bork Add. to.

Stroofer Row Water, 19.

Ext. BcBadoo. Leave*, to.

Hg^ so; Oleatc Hg.. a.
Hg.. to.

Pumthn. 10; Wht. PclroU-

turn. 80.
Sperm.. ti.$: ^^'h^. Wax. 12;

01. Aim.. $6. .Sod. Ror.. 5.
Dil. Alch.. s; Woolfat, 20;

B. Lard. 63.
B. Lard. 94.
Olive oh. ^; 01. Uv.FL. I.

Prep. Suet, ay, B. I..ar4, 2%.
Wbl. Peirolii.. so; H. Woof.
fat, 40.

68

PHARMACY.

TiOe.

Unguentum.

Hydrargyri Dilutum, . .
Hydrargyri Nitratis. . . .
Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi,

Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri

lodi

lodoformi,

Phenolis,

Picis Liquidae,

Potassii lodidi,

Stramonii,

Sulphuris,

Veratrinae,

Zinci Oxidi,

Zinci Steratis,

Per cent, of Active
Constituent.

Mercurial Ointment. 67.
Hg. Nitrate, abt., 12.5.
Yellow Hg. Ox., 10.

Red Hg. Ox., 10.

Iodine, 4; Potass. lod., 4.

Iodoform, 10.

Phenol, 3.

Tar, 50.

Potass. lod., 10; Potass.

Carb., 0.6.
Ext. Stramon., 10.

Washed Sulphur, 15.
Veratrin, 4.
Zinc Oxide, 20.
Zinc Stearate, 50.

Base.

Petrolatum, 3^.

Lard.

Water, 10; H. Wool-fat, 40;

Pet., 40.
Water, 10; H. Wool-fat, 40;

Pet., 40.
Benz. Lard, 80; Glycerin, 12.
Lard, 90.
Wht. Petrol.. 97.
lard, 35; Yel. Wax, 15.
B. Lard, 80; Water, 10.

H. Wool-fat, 20; B. Lard, 65;

Dil. Ale, s-
B. Lard. 85.

B. Lard, 90; Ol. Aim., 6.
B. Lard, 80.
Wht. Petrolatum, 50.

EMPLASTRA— PLASTERS.

Emplastra, or Plasters : Substances intended for external applica-
tion, of such consistence that they adhere to the skin, and require the
aid of heat in spreading them.

Plasters are usually spread on muslin, leather, paper, etc., and
have as a basis, lead plaster, a gum-resin, or Burgundy pitch.

As plasters are usually bought of the manufacturer, ready-made, a
description of the process for spreading them is omitted.

There are seventeen official plasters. Four classes: —

PLASTERS CONTAINING LEAD OR ADHESIVE PLASTER AS THEIR

BASIS.

Title.

Emplastrum.
Adhaesivum, .

Belladonnae,*

Capsid,

Hydrargyri, .

Opii,

Plumbi,

Saponis,

Constituents.

Rubber, 20 Gm.; Petrol., 20 Gm.; Lead Plaster, 960
Gm.

Ext. Bel. Lvs., 300 Gm.; Adhesive PI., 700 Gm.

Oleores. Caps., 0.25 Gm.; Adhesive PI., q. s.

Mercury, 30 Gm.; Oleate of Mercury, 1 Gm.; H. Wool-
fat, 10 Gm.; Lead Plaster, 59 Gm.

Ext. Opium, 6 Gm.; Water, 8 Cc; Adhesive PI.. 90
Gm.

Soap, 100 Gm.; Lead Acetate, 60 Gm.; Water, sufficient
quantity.

Soap, 10 Gm.; Lead Plaster, 90 Gm.; Water, sufficient
quantity.

* Should not contain less than 0.38 per cent., nor more than 0.42 per cent, of mydriatic
alkaloids.

SOUDS — SUPPOSITORIES. 69

CHARTA— PAPERS.

Charta, or Papers : A small class of preparations intended for ex-
ternal application, made by applying the medicinal substance to the
surface of the paper by the addition of some adhesive liquid.

Charta Sinapis.— Black Mustard, loo Gm.; Rubber, lo Gm.;
Petroleum Benzin, Carbon Bisulphide, of each q. s. Percolate Mustard
wth Petroleum Benzin, to rid it of fixed oil; dr>'. Dissolve Rubber in
mixture of loo Cc. each, Petroleum Benzin and Carbon Bisulphide; make
semi-liquid magma with mustard. Brush on rather stiff, well-sized
paper. Each 60 sq. cent, of paper should contain about 4 Gm. black
mustard deprived of oil. Before it is applied to the skin. Mustard
Paper should be dipped in warm water for about fifteen seconds.

SUPPOSITARIA— SUPPOSITORIES.

What Suppositories are : Solid bodies of various weights and shapes,
adapted for introduction into the different orifices of the human body
and melting readily at blood heat.

Vehicles: The vehicles usually employed are Oil of Theobroma;
Glvcerinated Gelatin, or Sodium Stearate.

kequirements in preparing them: They should be prepared of
materials of sufficient consistency to retain their shape when inserted,
and, at the same time, melt at the temperature of the body.

U. S. Pharmacopoeial Process for Making Oil of Theobroma
Suppositories.
/. Rolled Suppositories.
Reduce the Medicinal Substance, if dry, to a very fine powder, or,
if an extract, .soften it with an appropriate liquid, then mix it thoroughly
in a mortar with about an equal weight of grated Oil of Theobroma,
and incorpKJrate the remainder of the Oil of Theobroma until a homo-
geneous, plastic ma.ss is obtained, adding, if necessary, a small quantity
of Expressed Oil of Almond. Roll the mass on a graduated tile until
a cylinder of the proper length is formed, divide this into the required
number of equal parts, and with a spatula, or other convenient
mechanical aid, form them into the desired shape.

//. Fusion and Moulding.

If the process of fu.sion is preferred, mix the Medicinal Substance
with about an equal weight of grated Oil of Theobroma, as above
directed, then thoroughly incorporate it with the remainder of the Oil
of Theobroma, previou.sly melted to a gentle heat, in a suitable vessel
provided with a lip; then allow it to cool to alx^ut 38° C. (100.4° !'•)»
and, when the mixture Ix'gins to congeal, \h)\\t it immediately into suitable,
well-cooleil moulds. Keep the moulds at a freezing temperature until
the suppt^itories have hardened and are ready to Ix* removed.

Raising the Melting-point 0/ Oil of Theobroma: For suppositories
containing chloral, phenol, their derivatives, or substances which soften

70 PHARMACY.

the vehicle, raise the melting-point of the Oil of Theobroma by the
addition of from ten to fifteen per cent, of spermaceti, but the melting-
point must not be raised above 37° C. (98.6° F.).

U. S. PharmacopCBial Process for Making Glycerinated Gelatin
Suppositories.

For suppositories made with Glycerinated Gelatin the following process
may be used:

Take of—

The Medicinal Substance, the prescribed quantity.

Glycerinated Gelatin.

Glycerin.

Water, each, a sufficient quantity.

Mix the Medicinal Substance, if solid and soluble, in Water or Glycerin,
or if a miscible liquid, with a little water, and add sufficient Glycerin
to make the weight of the mixture one-half that of the finished mass.
Then thoroughly incorporate it with an equal weight of melted Glycer-
inated Gelatin, and pour it at once into suitable moulds which have
*been greased with a small quantity of petrolatum. Cool the moulds
thoroughly before removing the suppositories.

How to Facilitate the Filling of the Mould in Making Urethral
Suppositories : Warm the moulds sufficiently before pouring.

How to Prepare Firmer Glycerinated Gelatin Suppositories:
Substitute Mucilage of Acacia for a portion of the Water or Glycerin.

How to Proceed if the Medicinal Substance be Insoluble in Water
or Glycerin : Thoroughly levigate the insoluble substance in a warm
mortar with a sufficient quantity of Glycerin to make the weight of the
mixture one-half that of the finished mass. Then thoroughly incorporate
it with an equal weight of melted Glycerin Gelatin, and p)our it into
suitable moulds as above directed. With bulky powders about one-
half of the Glycerin may be replaced with water before levigation.

How Glycerinated Gelatin Suppositories May be Protected:
Glycerinated Gelatin suppositories should be protected against the
effects of heat and moisture and dry air by keeping them in tightly
closed containers in a cool place.

Weights and Shapes Directed for Suppositories by the U. S.
Pharmacopoeia.

Rectal Suppositories should be cone-shaped or spindle-shaped, and
when made from Oil of Theobroma should weigh about two grammes.

Urethral Suppositories {Bougies) should be pencil-shaped, pointed
at one extremity, and either seven centimetres in length, weighing about
two grammes, or fourteen centimetres in length, weighing about jour
grammes, when made with Glycerinated Gelatin. If prepared with Oil
of Theobroma, they should weigh about one-half the above quantities.

Vaginal Suppositories should be globular or oviform in shape, and
weigh about ten grammes if made with Glycerinated Gelatin, and about
jour grammes if made with Oil of Theobroma.

SOLroS— SUPPOSITORIES . 71

Directions for Making Suppositoria Glycerini (the only official
suppository): Take of Glycerin, 30 Gm.; of Monohydrated Sodium
Carbonate, 0.5 Gm.; Stearic Acid, 2 Gm.; Water, 0.5 Cc; to make
10 rectal suppositories. Dissolve the Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate
in the water and add it to the Glycerin, contained in a dish, on a water-
bath, add the stearic acid, and heat the mixture carefully until carbon
dioxide ceases to be evolved, and the liquid is clear. Then pour the
melted mass into suitable moulds, remove the suppositories when they
are cold, and prescr%'e them in tightly-stoppered glass vessels.

Three classes of suppository moulds* : i. Individual moulds. 2.
Divided moulds. 3. Hinged moulds.

Suppository Capsules: "Dr. F. E. Stewart has suggested the em-
ployment of gelatin shells, with conical caps, to be used as suppositories.
The medicating ingredients are inserted in the lower portion ; the upper
margin is then moistened with water, and the cap inserted. Before
introducing them into the rectum, they should be wet with sufficient
water to enable them to slip in easily."

♦ For ezceUent descriptions of the various forms of suppository moulds, see Reming-
ton's " Practice of Pharmacy."

72 PHARMACY.

PART III.

THE PREPARATIONS OF THE INOR-
GANIC MATERIA MEDICA.

HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, AND WATER.

H; I. O; 15.88. H2O; 17-88.

Hydrogen and oxygen are colorless, odorless gases, of no special in-
terest pharmaceutically, except that they combine to form water, which
is of the greatest importance in pharmacy. Hydrogen is also unity for
quantivalence and atomic weight.

H is combustible; O aids combustion.

AQUA, U. S. — Water. Potable water in its purest obtainable state.
A colorless, limpid liquid, without odor and taste at ordinary tempera-
tures, and odorless when heated to boiling; of a perfectly neutral re-
action.

AQUA DESTILLATA, U. S.— Distilled Water.— A colorless, limpid
liquid, without odor or taste, and of a neutral reaction. When 1000 Cc.
are evaporated on a water-bath to dryness, not more than 0.075 Gm.
of residue should remain.

In pharmacy, water is used principally as a solvent.

AQUA HYDROGENII DIOXIDI, U. S.— Solution of Hydrogen
Dioxide, or Peroxide. — A slightly acid, aqueous solution of Hydrogen
Dioxide (H2O2; = 33.76), which should contain, when freshly prepared,
about 3 per cent, by weight of the absolute Hydrogen Dioxide, corre-
sponding to about 10 vol. of available Oxygen. A colorless liquid,
without odor, slightly acidulous to the taste, and producing a peculiar
sensation and soapy froth in the mouth, liable to deteriorate upon
keeping, or protracted agitation. If the stopper in the bottle be replaced
by a pledget of cotton, deterioration is retarded. Made by decomposing
barium peroxide with phosphoric acid, BaOj + 2H3PO4 = Ba(H2P04)2-
+ H2O2. Remove traces of the barium salt in the sol. by the cautious
addition of H2SO4.

Antiseptic and disinfectant. Keep in cool place.

THE INORGANIC ACIDS.

Acids are distinguished from other bodies by three properties, i.
They all contain hydrogen, and are sometimes called hydrogen salts.
The hydrogen is capable of being replaced by metals to form salts.
2. Those which are soluble in water have a characteristic, sour taste.

DILUTED H^'DROCHLORIC ACID. 73

and corrosive action. 3. They act on litmus and other vegetable sub-
stances, changing their color.

The inorganic acids will be considered in the following order: — First,
Hydracids, or those not containing O, derived from non-metallic ele-
ments. Ex.: HCl, HBr. Second, The non-metallic oxygen acids.
Ex.: HNO., H^SO^, HjSO,, etc. Third, Arsenic Trioxide and Chro-
mium Trioxide (formerly known as Arsenous and Chromic Acids), and
the weak acid obtained from Boron, will not be treated as acids, but
will be described under the headings of the elements from which they
are derived.

The suffixes "ous" and "ic" are used as terminations to the names
of acids containing O; the former denoting a lower proportion of O, the
latter a higher amount. Ex.: SulphuroMS acid, H2SO3, contains less O
than sulphuric acid, H2SO4.

Many of the official inorganic acids are solutions of gases in water,
the amount of gas in solution varying in the stronger acids; but the
official class known as dilttted acids are intended to be uniform.

Medical Properties. — Tonic and refrigerant in the dilute form; caustic
and corrosive poisons when strong.

Antidotes. — Large amounts of mild alkalies administered with some
bland, fixed oil. (Soap, carbonate or bicarbonate of sodium, dissolved
in water; after which, draughts of oil.)

ACIDUM HYDRIODICUM DILUTUM, U. S.— Diluted Hy-
driodic Acid. — A solution of Hydriodic Acid (HI = 126.9), containing
not less than 10 per cent, of Hydriodic Acid. A clear colorless liquid,
odorless, acid taste, strongly acid reaction. Sp. gr. 1.106. Dose, 0.3
to 0.6 Cc. (5 to 10 nj).

ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM, U. S.— Hydrochloric Acid.
Muriatic Acid. A liquid composed of 31.9 per cent., by weight, of
absolute Hydrochloric Acid, [HCl = 36.18], and 68.1 per cent, of water.
It should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles. A colorless, fuming liquid,
with a sp. gr. 1.58 at 25° C, (77° F.); pungent odor; intensely acid taste.

Preparation. — Principally as a by-product in the manufacture of soda-
ash, by decomposing NaCl at a high temperature with HjSO^. The
process has two ste|>s: —

First Step. — Decomf>osition of half of the NaCl.

2NaCl + H,SO, - HCl + NaCl -f NaHSO,.
Sodium Sulphunc Hydrochlo- Sodium Arid .Sodium

Chioride. Acid. ric Acid. Chloride. Sulphate.

Second Step. — Decomposition remaining NaCl at 220° C. (428° P.),
or over.

NaCl + NaHSO« - HCl + Na,SO«.
Sodium Acid Sodium Hvdrochio- S«xlium

Chloride. Sulphate. nc Acid. Sulphate.

The yellow color in common hydrochloric acid is due to organic sub-
stances, a trace of iron, nitrogen f>«-roxide, (;r free ( hlorine.

ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM, U. S.— Diluted
Hydrochloric Acid. .\ colorless liquid, containing 10 per cent, of

74 PHARMACY.

absolute HCl, and prepared by diluting loo Gm. Hydrochloric Acid with
219 Gm. Distilled Water. Sp. gr. 1.049.

ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM DILUTUM, U. S.— Diluted
Hydrobromic Acid. — A liquid composed of not less than 10 per cent.,
by weight, of absolute Hydrobromic Acid, [HBr = 80.36], and about
90 per cent, of water. It should be kept in amber-colored, glass-stop-
pered bottles, protected from the light. A clear, colorless and odorless
liquid. Sp. gr. i,o'j6; strongly acid taste.

Preparation. — Two methods — first, distillation; second, double de-
composition and precipitation.

First Method (distillation). — Decompose potassium bromide with sul-
phuric acid. This forms acid potassium sulphate (crystals) and hydro-
bromic acid (Hquid). Separate the liquid HBr from the crystals and
distill it in a retort nearly to dryness, then add q. s. distilled water to make
the product contain 10 per cent, actual HBr.

KBr

4-

H2SO,

= KHSO, -\- HBr.

Potassium

Sulphuric

Acid Potassium Hydrobromic

Bromide.

Acid.

Sulphate. Acid.

Second Method (precipitation). — Add tartaric acid to a solution of
potassium bromide (400 gr. acid to 340 gr. bromide in 4 fl. oz. water).
Tartrate of potassium precipitates and HBr remains in solution.

ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM, U. S.— Hypophosphorous
Acid. — A liquid composed of 30 per cent., by weight, of absolute Hypo-
phosphorous Acid, [PO . H2(OH) = 65.53], ^"^ 7° P^'" cent, of water.
It should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles. A colorless liquid, without
odor, and having an acid taste. Sp. gr., about 1.130 at 25° C. (77° F.).

AGIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM DILUTUM, U. S.— Diluted
Hypophosphorous Acid. — A liquid composed of 10 per cent, by weight
of absolute Hypophosphorous Acid, [PO . H2(OH) = 65.53], ^^^ 9°
per cent, of water. Sp. gr. about 1.042 at 25° C. (77° F.).

ACIDUM NITRICUM, U. S.— Nitric Acid. HNO3. Aqua Fortis.
— A colorless, fuming, liquid, very caustic and corrosive, and having a
peculiar, somewhat suffocating odor, composed of 68 per cent., by
weight, absolute Nitric Acid, [HNO3, or NO2 . OH = 62.57]. ^p.
IX. 1.403 at 25° C. (77° F.), and 32 per cent, water, (HNO3 = 62.89).

Preparation. — By acting on Chili Saltpetre (sodium nitrate) with
H2SO4. If two molecules of NaNOj and one of H2SO4 be taken, the
reaction will be as follows: —

Decomposition of ist molecule NaNOg.

NaNOa + H2SO4 = NaHS04 -f HNO3.
Sodium Sulphuric Acid Sodium Nitric

Nitrate. Acid. Sulphate. Acid.

Then by raising the heat, the NaHSO^, acts upon the second molecule
of NaNOa.

Decomposition of 2d molecule NaNj.

NaNOa

+

NaHSO^

= Na2S04

+ HNO3.

Sodium

Acid Sodium

Sodium

Nitric

Nitrate.

Sulphate.

Sulphate.

Acid.

SULPHURIC ACID. 75

There are several varieties of nitric acid in commerce. The official
acid of 1.4 1 4 sp. gr. is termed 43° acid. The ordinary weaker commer-
cial acid of 1.355 sp. gr. is called 38° acid. The reddish acid, known as
nitrous acid, is nitric acid containing more or less nitrogen tetroxide
(N,04). The same acid may be made by impregnating nitric acid with
nitrogen dioxide (NjOj).

The effect of red heat on nitric acid. — It evolves O, as follows: —

4HNO3+ Heat = (NjO«)2+ 0,+ (HjO)^.

The Great Characteristic Property of Nitric Acid. — It oxidizes sulphur
and phosphorus, giving rise to sulphuric and phosphoric acids, and it
o.xidizes all the metals with but few exceptions. It is the great oxidizing
agent.

ACIDUM NITRICUM DILUTUM, U. S.— Dilute Nitric Acid.—
Should contain 10 per cent., by weight, absolute Nitric Acid. Sp. gr.
1.054 at 25° C. (77° F.). Prepared by diluting 100 Gm. Nitric Acid
with 580 Gm. Distilled Water.

ACIDUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM, U. S.— Nitrohydro-
chloric Acid. Nitromuriatic Acid. Aqua Regia. — A golden-yellow,
fuming, and very corrosive liquid, having a strong odor of CI, and con-
taining nitrosyl chloride and free chlorine. It is made by mixing to-
gether 180 Cc. nitric acid, 820 Cc. hydrochloric acid in a capacious open
glass vessel, and, after effervescence ceases, preserving in a cool, dark
place, in glass-stoppered bottles, half full.

HNO, + 3HCI = NOCl + CI2 + 2H2O.
Niuic Hy(irochloric Nitrosvl Chlorine. Water.

Add. Acid. Chloride.

Nitrohydrochloric acid should be kept in a cool, dark place, because
it loses CI by heat, and its CI is converted into HCl by the action of light
and the decomposition of its water.

It is called Aqua Regia, because of its power of dissolving gold, the
king of metals.

It is indispensable, in keeping and disj>ensing it, that care should be
taken not to confine it until all effervescence ceases, or explosion is likely
to occur. And the same care should be exercised in dispensing it in
mixtures. Average df>s<*, 0.2 Cc. (3 np).

ACIDUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM, U. S.—
Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid. — A colorless, or pale yellowish
liquid, having a faint odor of CI, with a very acid ta.ste, made by mixing
40 Cc. nitric acid with 180 Cc. hydrochloric acid, and after effervescence
has entirely ceased, diluting with 780 Cc. distilled water to make 1000 Cc.

These directions .should be literally obeyed, because, unless the acids
are mixed while concentrated, NOCl and CI are not produced.

Should be kept in dark-amber colored, glass-stoppered bottles, in a
cool place. Average dose, i Cr. (15 irp).

ACIDUM SULPHURICUM, U. S. Sulphuric Acid. Oil of Vit-
riol.— \ colorless liquid, of an oily consistence, inodorous, and very
caustic and corrosive. Sp. gr. not below 1.826 at 25" C. (77° F.).

76 PHARMACY.

A liquid composed of not less than 92.5 per cent., by weight, of abso-
lute Sulphuric Acid, [HjSO^ or S02(OH)2 = 97.35], and about 7.5 per
cent, of water. It should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles.

Sulphuric Acid is prepared by burning S or FeSj (iron pyrites) in the
air, by which SOj is formed. These fumes are conducted into leaden
chambers and allowed to mix with steam and nitrous fumes obtained
from the decomposition of sodium nitrate. The SOj is oxidized into
SO3 by the nitrous fumes containing nitrogen tetroxide (NgO^), which
gives up part of its O for that purpose. SO3 then unites with the HgO
(steam) present to form H2SO4. The H2SO4 condenses on the floor of
the leaden chambers and is afterward drawn off and concentrated.

The reactions are as follows: First two molecules of SOj react with
one molecule of NgO^, thus : —

2SO2 + N2O4 = 2SO3 + N2O2.

Sulphur Nitrogen Sulphur Nitrogen

Dioxide. Tetroxide. Trioxide. Dioxide.
Then

N2O2 + 02= N2O4
Nitrogen Oxygen. Nitrogen

Dioxide. Tetroxide,

*Then

SO3 + H2O = H2SO4

Sulphur Water. Sulphuric

Trioxide. Acid.

The nitrogen tetroxide thus acts as a carrier of atmospheric O, whereby
the SO2 is changed into SO3. This latter compound unites with steam
(H2O) to form H2SO4.

ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM, U. S— Elixir
of Vitriol. — An aromatic elixir of sulphuric acid, prepared by mixing
together Sulphuric Acid 11 1 Cc; Tr. Ging. 50 Cc; Ol. Cinnam. i Cc;
Alcohol to 1000 Cc. Should contain not less than 20 per cent., by
weight, of absolute Sulphuric Acid, partly in the form of ethyl-sulphuric
acid. Sp. gr., about 0.933 ^^ 25° C. (77° P.). ^Average dose, i Cc.

(15 nR)-

ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM, U. S.— Diluted Sul-
phuric Acid. — A colorless Uquid, containing 10 per cent., by weight,
of absolute Sulphuric Acid, with sp. gr. 1.067 at 25° C. (77° P.), and
prepared by diluting 100 Gm. Sulphuric Acid with 825 Gm. Distilled
Water to make 925 Gm, Average dose, 2 Cc. (30 ttr).

ACIDUM SULPHUROSUM, U. S.— Sulphurous Acid.— An aque-
ous solution containing not less than 6 per cent., by weight, of sulphur
dioxide, [SO2 = 63.59], and about 94 per cent, of water. A colorless
liquid having the characteristic odor of burning sulphur and an acid,
sulphurous taste, with sp. gr. 1.028, at 25° C. (77° P.), and strongly
acid reaction. Average dose, 2 Cc. (30 nj).

Preparation. — By pouring 60 Cc. H2SO4 on 20 Gm. coarsely powdered
charcoal, in a flask connected with a wash-bottle, and a bottle partially
filled with 1000 Cc. distilled water. Gentle heat is appUed, and the

COMPOUND SOLUTION OF CHLORINE. 77

gas distilled over. A bottle containing a solution of NajCOj is pro-
vided to absorb the excess of gas that bubbles up through the distilled
water, and the latter is kept cool by placing ice around the bottle, as
cold water will absorb more gas than warm water.
Equation for the reaction that occurs : —

4HjS04 + C, = 4SO2 + 2CO2 + 4H2O
Sulfuric Carbon Sulphur Carbon Water.

Add. Dioxide. Dioxide.

ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM, U. S— Phosphoric Acid— 5yrM/>v
Phosphoric Acid. A liquid compound of 85 per cent., by weight, of
absolute Orthophosphoric Acid, [H3PO4 or PO(OH3) = 97- 29], and 15
per cent, of water. It should be kept in glass-stoppered bottles. A
colorless liquid of a syrupy consistence, without odor, and having a
strongly acid taste, of sp. gr. 1.707.

The process for making this acid was abandoned by the U. S. P. of
1890 on account of the danger usually attending the operation, and
because it can be made more profitably on the large scale. A modi-
fication of this process, safe to use, is as follows: Pour 12 fl. oz. dist.
water mixed with 1 1 fl. oz. HNO3 into a 2-pint flask. Add 40 grains
bromine and shake gently until dissolved. Now add 2 oz. P. and
set aside so that nitrous vapors mav be carried off without injurv.

ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM DILUTUM, U. S— Diluted Phos-
phoric Acid. — A colorless liquid of sp. gr. 1.057 at 25° C. (77° F.), con-
taining 10 per cent, absolute orthophosphoric acid, by weight, and
prepared by diluting 100 Gm. of phosphoric acid with 750 Gm. distilled
water to make 850 Gm. Average dose, 2 Cc. (30 nji).

A precipitate sometimes occurs on mixing this acid with tincture of
chloride of iron, generally due to the presence of pyrophosphoric acid.
Pyrophosphate of iron is formed as an insoluble gelatinous precipitate.

CHLORINE, BROMINE, AND IODINE.
(THE HALOGENS.)

CI: 3518. lir; 7036. I; 12590.
The four Halogens (salt producers) arc Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine,
riunrine. The last is not used in Pharmacy.

CHLORINE— CHLORINE. CI; 35.18.
' 'rnish-ycllow, gaseous body, having a very suffocating odor, and
sp. pr. 2.45 Cwhcn liquefied, 1.38).

LIQUOR CHLORI COMPOSITUS, U. S. Compound Solution
of Chlorine. Chlorine Water. [To replace Acjua (Jhlori, Pharm.
1800]. .An aqueous Rolutir)n, containing, when freshly prepared, about
0.4 ]Kr cent, of Chlorine, [CI = 35- 18], with some oxides of chlorine
and fKitassium chloride. Made by passing CI gas, generated by heating
HCI with Pota.ssium Chlorate and water, into dbtilled water until a
saturated solution is produced.

78 PHARMACY.

CALX CHLORINATA, U. S.— Chlorinated Lime. Chlorinated
Calcium Oxide. [Calx Chlorata, Pharm. 1890.] A compound result-
ing from ti e action of chlorine upon calcium hydroxide, and containing
not less than 30 per cent, of available chlorine. It is often improperly
called "Chloride of Lime." A white, or grayish-white, granular pow-
der, becoming moist and gradually decomposing on exposure to air, and
having a repulsive, saUne taste. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. = 250 Mg.

(4. gr.).

Its chemical formula is probably CaOClj, yielding by decomposition
with water, calcium hypochlorite and calcium chloride. It is used as a
disinfectant and for bleaching purposes, and its usefulness depends on
its chlorine, which being loosely combined, is, therefore, available.

LIQUOR SOD^ CHLORINATiE, U. S.— Solution of Chlorinated
Soda. Laharraque's Solution. — [Liquor Sodae Chlorata, Phami. 1890.]
An aqueous solution of several chlorine compounds of sodium, contain-
ing at least 2.4 per cent., by weight, of available chlorine. A clear, pale
greenish liquid, having a faint odor of chlorine with a disagreeable
alkaline taste, and an alkaline reaction, made by decomposing solution
of chlorinated lime with monohydrated sodium carbonate.

Equation expressing the reaction : —

Ca(OCl)2 + CaCIj + 2Na,C03 = 2NaOCl -f aNaCl -f- 2CaC03.
Chlorinated Lime. Scxnum Chlorinated Soda. Calcium

Carbonate. Carbonate.

Eau de Javelle (Javelle Water) is a French preparation made with
K2CO3 instead of NajCOa-

BROMUM, U. S.— BROMINE. Br; 79.36.
A heavy, dark brownish-red, mobile liquid evolving, even at ordinary
temperatures, reddish fumes highly irritating to the eyes and lungs;
peculiarly suffocating odor, resembling that of chlorine. Prepared by
decomposing crude magnesium bromide (bittern) with chlorine gas.
Sp. gr., 2.990 to 3.000 at 15° C. (59° F.). Should contain not less than
97 per cent, of pure Bromine.

MgBrj + 2CI = MgClz + 2Br.
Magnesium Chlorine. Magnesium Bromine.
Bromide. Chloride.

lODUM, U. S.— IODINE. I = 125.90.

Heavy, bluish-black, dry and friable, rhombic plates, of a metallic
lustre, distinctive odor, sharp and acrid taste, formerly obtained ex-
clusively from the ashes of seaweed (kelp), but now made from the
mother-liquor obtained from the crystallization of sodium nitrate in
South America, in which it occurs in the forms of sodium iodide and
iodate. It should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Iodine.
(The U. S. P. gives process for assay.) Average dose, 0.005 Gm. = 5
Mg. (tV gr-).

Preparation. — The iodides are decomposed by CI, iodine being set
free, whilst the iodine from the iodates is precipitated by acid sodium

PRECIPITATED SULPHUR. 79

sulphite. Kelp contains iodine in the form of Nal. The solution from
it is treated with HjSO^ and distilled with MnOj. The I condenses in
glass receivers.

2NaI + 2H,S04 + MnO, = I, + MnSO, + Na^SO^ + zH.O.
Sodium Sulphuric Manganese Iodine. Manganese Sodium Water.

Iodide. Add. Dioxide. Sulphate. Sulphate.

The U. S. P. preparations of Iodine: Titictura lodi, Liquor lodi Com-
ffosUus, Unguentum lodi.

SYRUPUS ACIDI HYDRIODICI, U. S.— Syrup of Hydriodic
Acid. — A syrupy liquid, containing i per cent, of absolute Hydriodic
Acid [HI ='i26.'9], having the sp. gr. of about 1.190 at 25° C. (77° F.),
and made by mixing 100 Gm. of Diluted Hydriodic Acid with 300 Gm.
of Water, and 600 Gm. of Syrup. Average dose, 4 Cc. (i fl. dr.).

SULPHUR AND PHOSPHORUS.

S; 31-83. P; 30.77.
SULPHUR. S; 31.83.

Sulphur occurs uncombined in Sicily and in other parts of the world,
and is widely diffused in the form of sulphates and sulphides.

Roll sulphur is prepared by fusing sulphur, permitting it to stand, to
separate impurities, and then pouring into cylindrical moulds.

Three forms of sulphur are official: sublimed, ivasfied, and precipitated
sulphur.

SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM, U. S.— Flowers of Sulphur.— Should
contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Sulphur. A fine, yellow pow-
der, having a slight characteristic odor, and a faintly-acid taste, made
by conducting the vapor of sulphur into a cool chamber, where it con-
denses in the form of crystalline powder. Average dose, 4 Gm. (60 gr.).
U. S. Preparations: Sulphur Ijytum, Sulphur PrcPcipUatum.

SULPHUR LOTUM,U. S.— Washed Sulphur. [S = 31.83.]— A fine
yellow powder, without fxlor or taste, made by washing sublimed sulphur
with water containing ammonia, to rid it of sulphuric acid and other
impurities. Average dose, 4 Gm. (60 gr.). U. S. Preparations: Ptdvis
GlycyrrhizcB Compositus, Unguentum Sulphuris.

SULPHUR PRiECIPITATUM, U. S.— Precipitated Sulphur.
[S =- 31.83.] — A fine amorphous powder, of a pale yellow color, without
♦xior or ta.ste, made by precipitating a s^)lution of calcium disulphide
with hydrfx:hloric acid. Average dose, 4 Gm. (60 gr.).

Calcium disulphide is prepared by boiling unslaked lime with sublimed
sulphur, cooling, and filtering off the clear solution of calcium disulphide,
which is then precipitated with HCl.

Equations describing the reactions that fx;cur: —

I St. The lime and sulphur react to form calcium disulphide and cal-
cium ihiosulphite (hyposulphite).

jCaO + 6S - aCaS, -I- CaS,0,.
Calnum Sulphur. Caldum Calcfum

Oxide. Disulphide. Thiosulphate.

80 PHARMACY.

2d. HCI is added, which precipitates the sulphur.

2CaS2 + CaSjOs + 6HCI = sCaClz + 6S + 3H2O.
Calcium Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium Sulphur. Water.

Bisulphide. Thiosulphate. Acid. Chloride.

Should contain, when dried, not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure sulphur.

SULPHURIS lODIDUM, U. S.— Sulphur Iodide.— Brittle masses
of a crystalline fracture and a grayish-black, metallic lustre, having the
odor of iodine and a somewhat acrid taste; made by heating 20 Gm.
sulphur with 80 Gm. iodine. It is also known as suhiodide 0} sulphur,
or iodine disulphide (?), S2T2.

CARBONEI DISULPHIDUM, U. S.— Carbon Disulphide. [CS^ =
75.57.] — A clear, colorless, highly refractive liquid, very diffusive, having
a strong, characteristic but not fetid odor, and sharp, aromatic taste.
Sp. gr. 1.256 to 1.257 at 25°' C. (77° F.). Made by the direct com-
bination of carbon and sulphur, at a moderate red heat.

Preparation. — Charcoal is heated to redness, in a vertical cylinder
provided with a lateral tubulure near the bottom, through which sulphur
is admitted. The sulphur melts, volatilizes, and unites with the carbon,
forming carbon bisulphide. This distills over and condenses in tubes,
which collect it while allowing the H2S formed at the same time to
escape. It is then purified by agitation with mercury, and distillation
in contact with white wax. By repeated rectification it can be made
odorless. Used principally as a solvent. Best solvent for rubber, etc.

PHOSPHORUS. P; 30.77.

PHOSPHORUS, U. S. PHOSPHORUS. [P = 30.77.]— It should
contain not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure phosphorus. A translucent,
nearly colorless solid, of a waxy lustre, having, at ordinary temperatures,
about the consistence of beeswax. Average dose, 0.0005 Gm. = 0.5
Mg. (ik gr.)- .

Phosphorus is prepared by deoxidizing phosphoric acid with carbon.
This is accomplished by heating acid calcium phosphate, obtained by
treating calcium phosphate with sulphuric acid, with charcoal.

Ca3(PO,)2

+

2H2SO, =

= CaH,(PO,)2 +

2CaS04.

Calcium

Sulphuric

Acid Calcium

Calcium

Phosphate.

Acid.

Phosphate.

Sulphate.

The process is conducted in a retort. Carbon, at a high temperature,
takes oxygen from the phosphoric acid, and becomes carbonic acid.
Phosphorus and carbonic oxide distill over, and the former is condensed
in water, while the latter escapes.

Red Phosphorus (Amorphous Phosphorus). — A non-luminous, non-
poisonous, red amorphous powder, consisting of phosphorus in one of
its allotropic forms, prepared by allowing phosphorus to remain in an
atmosphere of carbon dioxide for several days, at a temperature ranging
from 215° to 250° C. (4i9°-482° F.). By heating it to 280° C. (536°
F.) it is converted into ordinary phosphorus.

Phosphorus forms with oxygen two oxides — phosphorus, P2O3, or

CHARCOAL. 81

phosphorous trioxide, and piwsphork, PjOj, or phosphorous pentoxide.
Corresponding to the last of these are three acids, known as orthophos-
phoric (tribasic phosphoric), H3PO4, phosphoric, H4P2O7, and meta-
phosphoric, HPO3.

Ort ho phosphoric Acid is formed by dissolving P2O5 in boiling water.

Pyro phosphoric A cid is formed by the heating of the tribasic phos-
phoric acid to 213° C. (415.4° F.).

Afela phosphoric Acid is formed by the ignition of the tribasic acid.
or by dissolving PjOj in cold water.

Phosphorous Acid, H3PO3, cannot be formed directly from phosphorous
trioxide. This is a dibasic acid, containing one H atom not replaceable
by metal.

Hypopfiosphorous Acid, HjPOj, is not capable of being derived di-
rectly from hypophosphorous oxide. It is monobasic, containing two
hydrt)gen atoms not replaceable by metal.

CARBON, BORON, AND SILICON.

C; 1 1.9 1. B; 10.9. Si; 28.2.

CARBON. C; 11.91.

Carbon is a constituent of all organic substances, and found in nature
in the forms of coal, plumbago, diamond, etc.

The two oxides of carbon and their corresponding acids are, carbon
dioxide, CO,, and carbonic acid, HjCOjCCO, -|- HjO = H,CO,), carbon
monoxide, CO, which is of little interest in pharmacy.

Carbon Dioxide, CO,. — A colorless, odorless gas, with slightly acid
taste, heavier than the air, incombustible and a non-supporter of com-
bu.stion. Water absorbs its own volume of it at ordinary temperature
and pressure, and many times its volume under cold and pressure.

A qua A cidi Carbonici or " Soda Water." A solution of Carbon dioxide
in water made under pressce, and dispensed under the well-known
name, "Soda Water." It was formerly official.

CARBO ANIMALIS, U. S.— Animal Charcoal. B(yne Black, or
Ivory Black. — Charcoal prepared from lx)nc. Dull black, granular
fragments, or a dull-black powder, odorless and nearly tasteless.

Preparation. — Bones consist of calcium phosphate and carbonate with
animal matter. In the destructive distillation, which is conducted in
iron cylinders without access of air, the N and H of the animal matter
unite to form NH,, which distills over, leaving most of the C behind
wnth the calcium .salts.

Bone Spirit and Bone Oil. — The ammoniacal liquor and dark tarry
liquid that distill over arc known as bone spirit and bone oil, respectively.

CARBO ANIMALIS PURIFICATUS, U. S.— Purified Animal
Charcoal. -Animal charcoal purified from calcium .salts by HCl.

CARBO LIGNI, U. S.— Charcoal.— Prepared by burning wood out
of contar t with the air, whereby its vf)latilc portions, hydrogen, oxygen,
water, etc., are dissipated, carbon, mixed with mineral salts, being left.
Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).
7

82 PHARMACY.

BORON. B; 10.9.

Boron exists in three allotropic forms, amorphous, crystalline, and
graphitoidal (same as carbon V

The result of its combination with O and H is Boric (Boracic) Acid,
H3BO3.

ACIDUM BORICUM, U. S.— Boric Acid. Boracic Acid. H3BO3
= 61.54. — Is obtained in the lagoons in Tuscany; in California lakes,
etc., in the forms of boric acid and borate of sodium (borax). Boric
acid is made by decomposing borax with HCl : —

NazB.O^ . 10H2O + 2HCI = 2NaCl + 4H3BO3 + 5H2O.
Sodium Borate. Hydrochloric Sodium Boric Water.

Acid. Chloride. Acid.

It should contain not less than 99.8 per cent, of pure Boric Acid,
[B(OH)3].

Acidum Boricum occurs in the form of transparent, colorless scales,
of a somewhat pearly lustre, or six-sided, tricHnic crystals, or a light,
white, very fine powder; slightly unctuous to the touch; odorless, having
a faintly bitter taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in 18 parts of
water, 15.3 parts of alcohol, and 4.6 parts of glycerin at 25° C. (77° F.);
in 3 parts of boiling water and 4.3 parts of boiling alcohol. Average
dose, 0.500 Gm. = 500 Mg. (7^ gr.).

Official Preparation. — Unguentum Acidi Borici.

LIQUOR ANTISEPTICUS. Antiseptic Solution. See Liquores,
Part I.

SILICON. Si; 28.2.

Silicon exists in three allotropic forms, amorphous, crystalline, and
graphitoidal.

It is found in combination with Al, Mg, and Ca, in pumice, meer-
schaum, asbestos, talcum, soapstone, etc., and as an anhydride (siUca) in
sand, flint, quartz, etc.

KAOLINUM, U. S. Kaolin. A native aluminium silicate, con-
sisting chiefly of the pure silicate, [HjAljSijOg + HjO = 257.12], pow-
dered and freed from gritty particles by elutriation. Sometimes called
China Clay, or Porcelain Clay. Used for making Cataplasma Kaolini
(see under Cataplasms, Part II).

TALCUM, U. S. Talc. A native, hydrous magnesium silicate, also
called French chalk or Soapstone.

TALCUM PURIFICATUM, U. S. Purified Talc. Talc, in fine
powder, 500 Gm.; HCl, 500 Cc; Water, q. s. Wash with portions of
HCl and Water, then with water, repeatedly, until a portion of the
wash water (filtered and acidified with HNO3) fails to become opalescent
upon the addition of Silver Nit. Sol. Transfer magma to strainer, drain,
dry at 110° C. (230° F.). Used for making medicated waters.

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE. 83

POTASSIUM, SODIUM, LITHIUM, AND AMMONIUM.

K; 38.86. Xa; ^2.88. Li; 6.98. NH4; 17.93-

Alkaline Metals and their Cfiaracteristics. — The alkaline metals are
Potassium, Sodium, and Lithium. They are characterized, i, by their
silvery-white appearance; 2, softness; 3, powerful affinity for oxygen;
4, lightness, being lighter than water, on which they float and take fire
spontaneously, owing to their power of decomposing that fluid. They
are all univalent.

The metals may be obtained by exposing their carbonates, mixed with
charcoal, to an intense heat, carbon monoxide being liberated, and the
vaporized metals condensed in appropriate receivers.

Ammonium is a compound radical, consisting of NH4, but, owing to
its many analogies with the alkali metals, classed with them.

Characteristics of Alkalies. — i. They combine with acids to form salts.
2. They restore the color of reddened litmus, turn vegetable blues to
green, and yellow to brown. 3. Their taste is characteristic and, if
concentrated, caustic.

POTASSIUM. K; 38.86.

Sources of Potassium Salts. — Formerly, wood ashes; now, the prin-
cipal source is an impure chloride from the Stassfurt mines, in
Germany.

Lye, Potash, and Pearlash. — When wood is burned to ashes, the salts
of potassium contained therein are converted into carbonates. Wood
ashes are placed in a conical wooden vessel, termed a leach, and water
allowed to percolate through, which becomes impregnated with the potas-
sium carbonate contained in the ashes, and the solution is called lye.
By evaporating lye to dryness in an iron pot, a solid remains, consisting
principally of impure carbonate, which is called potash. Potash, cal-
cined on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace, loses its water and be-
comes white. It is then known as pearlash, and is an impure carbonate
of pota.ssium.

POTASSII HYDROXIDUM, U. S. Potassium Hydroxide.

KOH = 55.74. [Potas.sa, Pharm. 1890.] Potassium Hydrate, Potas-
sium Hydroxide, Caustic Potash. Should contain not less than 85 per
cent, of pure anhydrous Potassium Hydroxide, and not more than 2
per cent, of other inorganic substances, with the excefition of water.
Dry, white flakes, fu.sed ma.s.ses, or in pcn( ils, hard and brittle, showing
a crystalline fracture; odorless or having a faint odor of lye; very acrid
and caustic taste; strongly alkaline reaction. Great caution is necessary
in ta.sting and handling it, as it rapidly destroys organic tis.sucs. Ex|x)scd
to the air, it readily absorbs carbc^n dioxide and moisture, anfl deliquesces.
Prepared from wood ashes by lixiviating, evaporating, purifying, rcdis-
solving, treating with lime, evaporating, fusing, and ca.sting into moulds.

K,CO, 4- Ca(OH), - 2KHO + CaCOj.
PoUMJum Calcium Potassium Calcium

Carbonate. Hydroxide. Hydroxide. Carbonate.

84 PHARMACY.

LIQUOR POTASSII HYDROXIDI, U. S. Solution of Potas-
sium Hydroxide. [Liquor Potassae, Pharm. 1890.] An aqueous
solution, containing about 5 per cent, of Potassium Hydroxide, [KOH =
55.74]. A clear, colorless liquid, odorless, having a very acrid and caustic
taste, and strongly alkaline reaction. Made by dissolving 60 Gm. of Po-
tassium Hydroxide in 940 Gm. Distilled Water. Average dose, i Cc.

(15 nR)-

POTASSII ACETAS, U. S.— Potassium Acetate. KC 2H3O2; 97.44.
— It should contain, when thoroughly dried, not less than 98 per cent,
of pure Potassium Acetate, [CH3COOK]. A white powder, or in crys-
talline masses of a satin-like lustre, odorless, and having a warming,
saHne taste. Very deliquescent on exposure to the air. Average dose,
2 Gm. (30 gr.). Made by decomposing potassium bicarbonate with
acetic acid, filtering and evaporating, carefully avoiding contact with iron.

KHCO3 + HC2H3O2 = KC2H3O2 -\- CO2 -I- H^a
Potassium Acetic Acid. Potassium Carbon Water.

Bicarbonate. Acetate. Dioxide.

POTASSII BICARBONAS, U. S.— Potassium Bicarbonate.

KHCO3; 99.41. — Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure
Potassium Bicarbonate, [CO(OH)(OK)]. Colorless, transparent, mono-
clinic prisms, or a colorless, odorless, granular powder; saline and slightly
alkaline taste; permanent in the air. Average dose, 2 Gm. (30 gr.). Made
by passing carbon dioxide into a solution of carbonate, evaporating, and
crystallizing,

K2CO, -f CO, -f- H2O = 2KHCO3.
Potassium Carbon Water. Potassium

Carbonate. Dioxide. Bicarbonate.

POTASSII BITARTRAS, U. S.— Potassium Bitartrate. KHC4-

H4O8 = 186.78. Cream oj Tartar. It should not contain less than 99

per cent, of pure Potassium Bitartrate, [C2H2(OH)2(COOH){COOK)].

Colorless or slightly opaque, rhombic crystals, or a white, somewhat

gritty powder; odorless; pleasant, acidulous taste; permanent in the air.

Ma,de by purifying argnl, the sediment deposited in wine casks during

fermentation. Average dose, diuretic, 2 Gm. (30 gr.).
POTASSII BROMIDUM, U. S.— Potassium Bromide. KBr;

118.22. — Should contain not less than 97 per cent, of pure Potassium

Bromide. Colorless or white cubical cr\'stals, or a granular powder;

odorless, and having a strongly saline taste. Permanent in the air.

Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.). Made by treating solution of potassa

with bromine and charcoal.

The rationale of the process is as follows: Bromine added to solution

potassa forms bromide and hromate. The solution is evaporated to

dryness, and heated with charcoal, which deoxidizes the bromate, CO

escaping.

2KBr03 + 3C2 = 2KBr -\- 6CO
Potassium Carbon. Potassium Carbon

Bromate. Bromide. Monoxide.

POTASSII CARBONAS, U. S.— Potassium Carbonate. KjCO,;
137.27. Sal Tartar. — Should contain, when thoroughly dried, not less

SOLUTIOX OF POTASSIUM CITRATE. 85

than 98 per cent, of pure Potassium Carbonate, [CO(OK)2]. A white,
granular powder; odorless; strongly alkaline taste; very deliquescent.
^Iade by purifying pearlash, by dissolving it in cold water, filtering,
evaporating, and granulating. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).

POTASSII CHLORAS, U. S.— Potassium Chlorate. KCIO,;
121.68. — Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Potassium
Chlorate, [ClOj . OK]. Great caution should be observed in handling
it, as dangerous explosions are liable to occur when it is heated or sub-
jected to concussion or trituration with organic substances (cork, tannic
acid, sugar, etc.), or with sulphur, antimony sulphide, phosphorus, or other
easily o.xidizable substances. Colorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms or
plates, or a white, granular powder; odorless; cooling, characteristic
taste; permanent in the air. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.). Made by
reacting on potassium chloride with calcium hypochlorite.

The rationale of the process is as follows: When solution of calcium
hypochlorite is boiled, it is decomposed into calcium chlorate and
chloride; and when calcium chlorate is heated with potassium chloride,
double decomposition forms potassium chlorate and calcium chloride.

ist. 3Ca(OCl), + boiling = 2CaCl2 -f CaCOjCl),.

Caldum Calcium Calcium

Hypochlorite. Chloride. Chlorate.

2d. Ca(0,Cl), + 2KCI = 2KC10s + CaClz.

Caldum Potassium Potassium Calcium

Chlorate. Chloride. Chlorate. Chloride.

Official Preparation. — Trochisci Potassii Chloratis.

POTASSII CITRAS,U. S.— Potassium Citrate. KaCHgO^H- H^O;
322.08. Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Potassium
Citrate, [CjH^fOH) (COOK), + H2O]. Transparent, prismatic crys-
tals, or a white, granular powder; odorless; cooling, saline taste; de-
liquescent on exposure to air. Average dose, i Gm, (15 gr.). Made
by decomposing potassium bicarbonate with citric acid, filtering, evapor-
ating, and granulating.

3KHC0, +

H,C„H,0, =

=- K3CeH,0,

+

^H^O + 3CO2.

Water. Carbon

PoUMium

Citric Add.

Potassium

Bicarlx>nate.

Citrute.

Dioxide.

POTASSII CITRAS EFFERVESCENS, U. S. -Effervescent
Potassium Citrate. — Potassium Citrate, 200 Gm,; Sodium Bicarb., 477
Gm.; Tartaric Acid, 252 Gm.; Citric Acid, 162 Gm. Dry the KgCgHjO;,
powder, mix with the Citric and Tartaric Acid, then thoroughly incor-
porate the Sodium Bicarb. Dry between 93° and 104° C. (199.4° and
219.2° P.); when moi.st, granulate, then dry at 54° C. (129,2° F.),
Average dose, 4 Gm. (60 gr.),

LIQUOR POTASSII CITRATIS,U.S.~ Solution of Potassium
Citrate. — \t\ aqueous liquid containing in .sf)lution not less than 8 [>cr
cent, of anhydrous Potassium Citrate, [C,H<(OH)(COOK)j = 304. 2J
with small amounts of citric and carbonic acids. Made by mixing to
gether Potass. Bicarb. 8 Gm., Citric Acid 6 Gm., Distilled Water suffi-
cient quantity to make 100 Cc. Average dose, 16 Cc. (4 fl. dr.).

86 PHARMACY,

Neutral Mixture. — A more agreeable preparation made by nearly
saturating lemon juice with Potass. Bicarb. Official in U. S. P. of 1880
under name Mistura Potassii Citratis.

POTASSII CYANIDUM, U. S.— Potassium Cyanide. KCN;
64.70. Should contain not less than 95 per cent, of pure Potassium
Cyanide. White, opaque, amorphous pieces, or a white, granular pow-
der; odorless when perfectly dry ; deliquescent in the air and exhaling the
odor of hydrocyanic acid. Great caution should be used in tasting and
handling this salt. Average dose, o.oio Gm. (i gr.). Made by fusing
potassium ferrocyanide with potassium carbonate, separating the insol-
uble precipitate of metallic iron, and pouring the fused mass on a slab.

K,Fe(CN)6 + K2CO3 = 5KCN + KOCN + CO, + Fe.
Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Carbon Iron.

Ferrocyanide. Carbonate. Cyanide. Cyanate. Dioxide.

POTASSII DICHROMAS, U. S.— Potassium Dichromate.

K2Cr207 = 292.28. [Potassii Bichromas, Pharm. 1890.] Should con-
tain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Potassium Dichromate, [CrjOj-
(OK)2]. Large, orange-red, transparent, triclinic prisms, or four-sided
tabular crystals; odorless; acidulous, metallic taste; permanent in the
air. Average dose, o.oio Gm. (i gr.). Made by treating potassium
chroTnate, prepared from chrome iron ore, with sulphuric acid, evap-
orating, and crystallizing.

The ore is heated with potassium carbonate and chalk in contact with
air, and the following reaction takes place: —

Then-

2(FeOCr203)
Chrome Iron Ore.

-f-

4K2CO3
Potassium
Carbonate.

+

70
Oxygen.

="

4(K2CrO,)
Potassium
Chromate.

+

Fe203 -
Ferric
Oxide.

f

4CO2;
Carbon
Dioxide.

2(K2CrO,) + H2SO,

=

K2Cr20,

+

K2SO4

+

HjO.

POTASSII ET SODII TARTRAS, U. S.— Potassium and
Sodium Tartrate. Rochelle Salt. KNaQH^Og + 4H2O ; 280.18.—
Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of Pure Potassium and Sodium
Tartrate, [C2H2(OH)2(COOK)(COONa) + 4H2O]. Colorless, trans-
parent, rhombic prisms or a white powder; odorless, cooling, saline
taste. The crystals slightly effloresce in dry air. Average dose, 8 Gm.
(120 gr.). Made by treating solution of potassium bitartrate with sodium
carbonate.

2KHC4H,06 + NajCOj = 2KNaC,H,06 + H2O + CO2.

Potassium Sodium Potas.sium and So- Water. Carbon

Bitartrate. Carbonate. dium Tartrate. Dioxide.

POTASSII FERROCYANIDUM, U. S.— Potassium Ferrocya-
nide. K4Fe(CN)6 + 3H2O; 419.62. Should contain not less than
99 per cent, of pure Potassium Ferrocyanide. Large, soft, transparent,
yellow, four-sided, monoclinic tabular crystals or prisms; odorless, and
having a mild, saline taste. Slightly efflorescent on exposure to the

POTASSIUM NITRATE. 87

air. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7^ gr.). Made by treating nitrogenized
substances (refuse animal matter) with crude pearlash, by which
impure potassium cyanide is formed, lixiviating, and treating with
freshly precipitated ferrous carbonate, which produces ferrocyanide of
potassium, by the following reaction: —

6KCN + FeCOa =

= K,Fe(CN)«

+ K2CO3.

Potassium Ferrous

Potassium

Potassium

Cyanide. Carbonate.

Ferrocyanide.

Carbonate.

POTASSII HYPOPHOSPHIS, U. S.— Potassium Hypophosphite.
KFHjOj = 103.39. — Should contain not less than 98 per cent, of pure
Potassium Hypophosphite, [PO . HjOK]. Caution: Explo.sion liable to
occur when triturated or heated with nitrates, chlorates, or other oxidiz-
ing agents. White, opaque, hexagonal plates, or crystalline masses,
or agranular powder; odorless; pungent, saline taste; very deHquescent.
Average dose 0.500 Gm. (7^ gr.). Made by precipitating calcium hy-
pophosphite with pota.ssium carbonate, filtering, evaporating, and gran-
ulating, keeping it below 100° C. (212° F.) during the operation for fear
of explosion.

Ca2HjP02 + K2CO3 = 2KH2PO2 + CaCOj.
Calcium Potassium Potassium Calcium

Hypophosphite. Carbonate. Hypophosphite. Carbonate.

POTASSII lODIDUM, U. S.— Potassium Iodide. KI; 164.76.—
Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Potassium Iodide.
Colorless, transparent, translucent, or opaque white cubical crystals, or
a white, granular powder, having a peculiar, faint, iodine-like odor, pun-
gent, saline, afterward bitter taste. Permanent in dry air, but slightly
delicjuescent in moi.st air. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7^ gr.). Made by
treating .solution of p<^)tassa with iodine, evaporating to dryness and heat-
ing with charcoal. The result is, the formation of two salts, Iodide
and lodate of Pota.s.sium : —

6KOH + (1,^3 ^ 5KI -f- KIO3 -f 3H2O.
Potassium Iodine. Potassium Potassium vVater.

Hydroxide. Iodide. lodate.

By evaporating to dryness, the mixed salts are obtained, and by ex-
posing to heat with charcoal, the itnlate is deoxidized to iodide.

Official Preparation. — Unguentum Potassii lodidi,

POTASSII NITRAS, U. S.— Potassium Nitrate (Nitre). KNO,;
100.43. — Should contain not less than 99 per ( ent. of pure Pota.ssium
Nitrate [NOjOK]. Colorles.s, transparent, six-sided, rhombic prisms, or a
white, crystalline powder; odorless, ccx)ling, i)ungcnt ta.ste. SHghtly
hygTfwcopic in moist air. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7 J gr.).
Usually a natural prcxluct; prmluced artificially, however, m what
are known as ni4re beds, consi.sting of earth, wood-ashes, animal and
vegetable refu.se. Ammonia is pnxluced by decomposition, is oxidized
and nitric acid formed, which unites with the potas.sa in the ashes, and
jxitassium nitrate results. This is separated by lixiviation, filtration,
eva|K>ration, and crystallization. It is commonly called Nitre or Salt-
petre.

88 PHARMACY.

POTASSII PERMANGANAS, U. S.— Potassium Permanganate.

KMnO^ = 156.98. — Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure
Potassium Permanganate, [MnOa . OK]. When in concentrated solu-
tion or in the dry condition, should not be brought in contact with organic
or other readily oxidizable substances. Slender, monoclinic prisms, of
a dark purple color, almost opaque by transmitted light, and of a blue,
metallic lustre by reflected light; odorless, and having a taste at first
sweet, but afterward disagreeable and astringent. Average dose, 0.065
Gm. (i gr.). Made by boiling a solution of potassium manganate with
water.

3K2Mn04

+

3H2O =

= KjMnjOg + MnOjH, + 4KOH.

Potassium

Water.

Potassium Manga- Potassium

Manganate.

Permanganate. nese Peroxide. Hydroxide.

The acid is used to neutralize the potassium hydrate liberated by the
reaction, for in the presence of an excess of potassa, the permanganate
otherwise remains in the condition of manganate.

POTASSII SULPHAS, U. S.— Potassium Sulphate. K2SO,;
173.07. — Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Potassium
Sulphate, [S02(OK)2]. Hard, colorless, transparent, six-sided, rhombic
prisms, terminated by pyramids, or a white powder; odorless and
having" a somewhat bitter, saline taste; permanent in the air. Average
dose, 2 Gm. (30 gr.). Made by purifying the residue from nitric acid
manufacture, also from other sources, as Kainile, the mineral found in
the Stassfurt salt-beds, which is a double sulphate of potassium and
magnesium.

It may be made directly at any time, by decomposing potassium nitrate
with sulphuric acid.

2KNO3 + H2SO, = K2SO, + 2HNO3.
Potassium Sulphuric Potassium Nitric

Nitrate. Acid. Sulphate. Acid.

SODIUM. Na; 23.

The Salts of Sodium are generally more frequently used than those
of Potassium, because they are relatively cheaper and often more soluble.

SODII HYDROXIDUM, U. S. Sodium Hydroxide. [Soda,
Pharm. 1890. Caustic Soda. Sodium Hydrate.] It should contain
not less than 90 per cent, of pure anhydrous Sodium Hydroxide, and
not more than 2 per cent, of other inorganic substances, with the ex-
ception of water. May be prepared by oxidizing the metal by water,
and evaporating.

LIQUOR SODII HYDROXIDI. Solution of Sodium Hydroxide.

[Liquor Sodae, Pharm. 1890.] An aqueous solution, containing about
5 per cent, of Sodium Hydroxide, [NaOH = 39.76]. A clear, colorless
liquid; odorless; very acrid and caustic taste; strongly alkaline reaction.
Made by dissolving 56 Gm. of Sodium Hydroxide in 944 Gm. of Dis-
tilled Water. Prepared in similar manner to Liq. Potass. Hydrox.
Average dose, i Cc. (15 vji).

SODIUM BICARBONATE. 89

SODn ACETAS, U. S.— Sodium Acetate. NaCjHjOa -f 3H2O =
135.10. — Large, colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms or a granular
crystalline powder; efflorescent in warm dry air; odorless; saline, bitter
taste; nei'tral or faintly alkaline reaction. Should contain in an un-
eflaoresced condition not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure Sodium Acetate,
[CHj . COONa -I- 3H,0]. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.). Made by
decomposing sodium carbonate with acetic acid.

2HC^,0,

+ Na,CO, =

Sodium

= 2NaC^,02 + HjO + COj.

Acetic Acid.

Sodium Acetate. Water. Carbon

Carbonate.

Dioxide.

SODn ARSENAS, U. S.— Sodium Arsenate. NajHAsO^ + 7H,0
= 309.84. — Should contain in an uneffloresced condition not less than 98
per cent, of pure Di-sodium-ortho-arsenate, [AsO(OH)(ONa)2 -f yHjO].
Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, odorless, and having a mild,
alkaline taste; caution should be used in tasting this salt, as it is very
poisonous. Efflorescent in dry air, and somewhat deliquescent in
mobt air. Average dose, 0.005 ^"^' (tV g^.). Made by heating together
arsenious acid, sodium nitrate, and sodium carbonate.

The rationale of this process is, that when these three salts are fused
together, sodium pyroarsenate is formed, while nitrous anhydride and
carbon dio.xide escape as gases.

AsjO, -I- 2NaNOj -f NajCOj = Na.AsjO^ + N2O3 + COj.
Arsenic Sodium Sodium Sodium Nitrous Carbon

Trioxidc. Nitrate. Carbonate. Pyroarsenate. Anhydride. Dioxide.

The sodium pyroarsenate is then converted into orthoarsenate by dis-
solving the former in water, filtering and crystallizing. The ortho-
arsenate is the official salt.

Na^ASjO, + 15H2O = aCNajHAsO^, 7H2O).

Sodium Water. Sodium Orthoarsenate.

Pyroarsenate.

SODII ARSENAS EXSICCATUS, U. S.— Exsiccated Sodium
Arsenate. NajH.AsO^ = 184.68. — Should contain not less than 98
per cent, of pure anhydrous Di-so<iium-ortho-arsenate, [AsO(OH)-
(ONa)J. Prepared by drying the crystals at a temperature between
40° and 50° C, until di.sintegrated, then at 150° C. until they cease
to lose weight. An amorjihous white jKiwder, odorless, and having a
mildlv alkaline taste. Average dos<-, 3 Mg. (2V gr.).

SODII BENZOAS, U. S.— Sodium Benzoate. NaCyHjOj; 143 01.
— Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Stxlium Benzoate,
(CgHj . COONa]. A white, amorphous, granular, or crystalline pow-
der; (xlorless; sweetish, astringent taste; jjermanent in the air. Av-
erage dose, 1 Gm. (15 gr.). Made by decomposing sodium carbonate
with benzoic acid.

2HC,H.O, -f Na-CO, - 7>IaiCyU,0, -f CO, + H2O.

Ben7>^c Acid. Sodium Sodium Carbon Water.

Carbrmate. Bt-nzoatc. l)ioxide.

SODII BICARBONAS, U. S.— Sodium Bicarbonate. NaHCO, -
83.43. — Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Sodium Bicar-

90 PHARMACY.

bonate, [CO(OH)(ON'a)]. A white, opaque powder, permanent in
dry air, but slowly decomposed in moist air, odorless, cooling, mildly
alkaline taste. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.). Made by washing
commercial sodium bicarbonate with distilled water.

Official Preparation.— Trochisci Sodii Bicarbonatis.

Sodium bicarbonate is largely prepared by the ammonia-soda or Sol-
vay's process.

Solvay's Process. — Carbon dioxide is passed into a solution of com-
mon salt in ammonia water, which results in a double decomposition.
Sodium bicarbonate is precipitated and ammonium chloride remains in
solution.

NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O = HNaCOa + NH.Cl.
Sodium Ammonia Carbon Water. Sodium Ammonium

Chloride. Dioxide. Bicarbonate. Chloride.

SODII BISULPHIS, U. S.— Sodium Bisulphite. NaHSO, =
103.35. — Should contain not less than 90 per cent, of pure Sodium
Bisulphite. Opaque, prismatic crystals, or a granular powder, e.xhaling
an odor of sulphur dioxide, and having a disagreeable, sulphurous taste.
Exposed to the air, the salt loses sulphur dioxide, and is gradually oxi-
dized to sulphate. Average dose, 0.500 Gm.(7J gr.). Made by saturat-
ing a solution of sodium carbonate with sulphurous acid.

NajCOj + 2H2SO3 =

= 2NaHS03

+ CO2

+

H2O.

Sodium Sulphurous

Sodium

Carbon

Water.

Carbonate. Acid.

Bisulphite.

Dioxide.

SODII BORAS, U. S.— Sodium Borate. Na2B^07 + loHjO =
379.32. {Borax.) — Should contain in an unefBoresced condition not
less than 99 per cent, of pure Sodium tetraborate. Colorless, trans-
parent, monoclinic prisms, or a white powder; odorless; sweetish alka-
line taste; slightly efflorescent in dry air. Made by purifying the neutral
salts, found in immense quantities in California, as a crystalline deposit
in the blue mud of an offset of Clear Lake. It is sometimes, also, called
biborate of sodium, and is found native in Thibet, Persia, etc. Another
name given it is Tincal. Tuscany is also a source "of borax, where it
occurs, principally, as crude boric acid. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7^ gr.).

SODII BROMIDUM, U. S.— Sodium Bromide. NaBr; 102.24.—
Should contain, when dried, not less than 97 per cent, of pure Sodium
Bromide. Colorless, or white, cubical crystals, or a white granular
powder; odorless; saline, slightly bitter, taste. The salt absorbs water
from the air without deliquescing. Made by treating ferrous bromide
with sodium carbonate. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.). The ferrous
bromide is made by acting on iron wire with bromine, in the presence
of water, and, after filtering, adding NajCOa.

FeBrj -f NaaCO, = 2NaBr + FeCOg.

SODII CARBONAS MONOHYDRATUS, U. S.— Monohydrated
Sodium Carbonate. Na2C03 + HjO = 123.19. — Should contain not
less than 85 per cent, of pure anhydrous Sodium Carbonate, [CO(ONa)2],
corresponding to not less than 99.5 per cent, of the crystallized monohy-
drated salt. A white, crystalline, granular powder, odorless, and having

SODIUM CHLORATE. 91

a Strongly alkaline taste. When exposed to the air, under ordinary
conditions, it absorbs only a slight percentage of moisture; exposed to
warm, dr>' air at or above 50° C. (122° F.) the salt effloresces, and at
100° C. (212° F.) it loses its water of crystallization (1452 per cent.).
Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

Leblan'c's Process. — Common salt is converted into sodium carbon-
ate, in this process, by two steps.

First Step. — Salt is converted into sodium sulphate by sulphuric acid.

2NaCl + HjSO, = NajSO^ + 2HCI.
Sodium Sulphuric Sodium Hydrochloric

Chloride. Acid. Sulphate. Acid.

Second Step. — The sodium sulphate, or salt cake, is decomposed by
calcium carbonate and charcoal, at a high temperature, so as to yield
sodium carbonate.

NajSO^ + CaCOj + C4 = NajCOj + CaS + 4CO.
Sodium Calcium Carbon. Sodium Calcium Carbon

Sulfate. Carbonate. Carbonate. Sulphide. Monoxide.

The sulphate, first dried, is mi.xed with its own weight of limestone
and half its weight of coal, and fused into a black mass. Sodium sul-
phate is converted by the coal into sodium sulphide, which reacts with
the limestone (calcium carbonate), so as to form calcium sulphide and
sodium carbonate. The black mass is now digested in warm water,
which takes up the alkali and leaves the insoluble impurities, called soda
waste, which is afterward used in the manufacture of sodium hypo-
sulphite. By evaporating to dryness, a mass is obtained, which is cal-
cined with sawdust, which converts the alkali — owing to the carbonic
acid resulting from its combustion — fully into carbonate. Redissolving
in water, and evaporating to dryness, gives the commercial salt. Soda-
ash contains about 50 f)er cent, of sodium carbonate.

Cryolite Process. — Largely used in the United States. Cryolite,
which consists, mainly, of a double fluoride of aluminium and sodium
(.\1,F, . 6NaF), is heated with chalk. Calcium fluoride is formed, while
the sodium and aluminium combine to form sodium aluminate, which
is dissolved out by lixiviation. The sodium aluminate is converted into
carbonate by passing carbon dioxide, under pressure, through the
sf>lution. The alumina separates from the soda, becomes insoluble, and
is deposited.

(ALF,.6NaF) -f 6CaCO, = Al,0,.3Na,0 -f 6CaF, 4- 6CO,.

Cryolite. Caldum Sodium Aluminate. Calcium Carbon

Carbonate. Fluoride. Dioxide.

SODII CHLORAS, U. S.— Sodium Chlorate. NaClO, - 105.70.—
Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Sodium Chlorate,
(CIO, . ONa]. Caution : exf)losive when heated or triturated with organic
sul)stances or oxidizable substances. Colorless, transparent crystals
(principally cubes with tetrahedral facets), or a crystalline powder, per-
manent in dry air; odorless; cooling, saline taste. Average dcjse, 0.250
Gm. (4 gr.). Made by double decomposition between sodium bitartrate
and potassium chlorate. (Wittstein's process.)

92 PHARMACY.

The details of the process are as follows : —

First, acid sodium tartrate is prepared by decomposing sodium car-
bonate with tartaric acid.

NajCO., + 2H2C4H,06 = 2NaHC4H406 + CO2 + HjO.

Sodium Tartaric Acid Sodium Carbon Water.

Carbonate. Acid. Tartrate. Dioxide.

Then the acid sodium tartrate is added to the potassium chlorate: —

NaHC4H,06 -f KCIO3 = NaClOa + KHQH.Oe-
Acid Sodium Potassium Sodium Acid Potassium

Tartrate. Chlorate. Chlorate. Tartrate.

SODII CHLORIDUM, U. S.— Sodium Chloride. NaCl; 58.06.—
{Coftimon Salt.) — Should contain, when dried, not less than 99 per cent,
of pure Sodium Chloride. Colorless, transparent, cubical crystals or
a white crystalline powder, permanent in dry air; odorless; purely saline
taste. Obtained by evaporating sea water, and the salt from salt wells,
springs, etc. Average dose, emetic, 16 Gm. (240 gr.).

SODII CITRAS, U. S. Sodium Citrate.— 2Na3C6H507 + i iHjO =
709.20. — Should contain not less than 97 per cent, of pure Sodium
Citrate, [2C3H,(OH)(COONa)3 + iiHjO]. A white, granular powder,
odorless, and having a cooling, saline taste. It slowly effloresces on
exposure to dry air. Prepared by adding sodium carbonate to a solu-
tion of citric acid until effervescence ceases, evaporating and granulating
the product. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).

SODII HYPOPHOSPHIS, U. S.— Sodium Hypophosphate.
NaPHjOj 4- HgO; 105.29. — Should contain not less than 98 per cent,
of pure Sodium Hypophosphite, [PO . HjONa -|- HgO]. Caution : ex-
plosive when heated or triturated with oxidizing agents. Small, colorless,
transparent, rectangular plates, of a pearly lustre, or a white, granular
powder; odorless; bitterish-sweetish, saline taste; very deliquescent
on exposure to the air. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.). Made by double
decomposition between calcium hypophosphite and sodium carbonate.

Ca2H2P02 + Na2C03 = 2Na2HP02 + CaCOa.

Calcium Sodium Sodium Calcium

Hypophosphite. Carbonate. Hypophosphite. Carbonate.

Sometimes this salt explodes with violence during evaporation; this
was supposed to be due to the employment of too much heat, but it
occurs at the heat of a water-bath. Evaporation should, therefore, be
performed below 100° C. (212° F.).

5NaH2P02 = Na4P207 + NaPOj + 2PH3 -f- 2H2.
Sodium Sodium Sodium Phosphoretted Hydrogen.

Hypophosphite. Pyrophosphate. Metaphosphate. Hydrogen.

Hydrogen and phosphoretted hydrogen are evolved, the latter being
spontaneously inflammable.

Hypophosphorous acid is the acid present in this salt.

SODII lODIDUM, U. S.— Sodium Iodide. NaT; 148.78.— Should
contain not less than 98 per cent, of pure Sodium Iodide. Colorless,

SODIUM PHOSPHATE. 93

cubical ci^-stals, or a white crystalline powder; odorless; saline and
slightly bitter taste; in moist air it deliquesces and frequently undergoes
decomposition, the salt assuming a brown tint. Average dose, 0.500
Gm, (7J gr.). Made by treating ferrous iodide with sodium carbonate.

Fel, + NajCOj = aNal + FeCOj.
Ferrous Sodium Sodium Ferrous

Iodide. Carbonate. Iodide. Carbonate.

SODII NITRAS, U. S.— Sodium Nitrate. NaNO, = 84.45.
(Cubic Nitre. Chili Saltpetre.) — Should contain not less than 99 p)er
cent, of pure Sodium Nitrate [NOj . ONa]. Found in Chili and Peru.

Colorless, transparent, rhombohedral crystals; odorless; cooling,
saline, and slightly bitter taste. Hygroscopic in moist air. Made by
purifying the native salt. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).

// is tfie cheapest source for obtaining nitrates.

SODn NITRIS, U. S.— Sodium Nitrite. NaNOj = 68.57.—
Should contain not less than 90 per cent, of pure Sodium Nitrite, [NO .-
ONa]. WTiite, opaque, fused masses or pencils, or colorless, trans-
parent, hexagonal crystals; odorless, mild, saline taste. When exposed
to the air, the salt deliquesces and is gradually oxidized to sodium
nitrate, and becomes unfit for use. Average dose, 0.065 Gm. (t gr.).

SODII PHENOLSULPHONAS, U. S.— Sodium Phenolsulpho-
nate. NaC^H^O^S + HjO + 230.45. fSodii Sulphocarbolas, Pharm.
1890.] — Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Sodium Para-
phenolsulphonate, [CeH/0H)S03Na 1:44- 2H2O]. Colorless, trans-
parent, rhombic prisms; odorless; ctxjling, saline, bitter taste; somewhat
efflorescent in dry air. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

SODn PHOSPHAS, U. S.— Sodium Phosphate. Na2HP04-f
i2HjO = 355.61. — Should contain, in an effloresced condition, not
less than 99 per cent, of pure Di-sodium -ortho-phosphate, [PO . (OH)
(0.\a)j-f- i2H,0]. Large, colorless, monoclinic prisms, or agranular,
cr>stallinc salt; odorless; cooling, saline taste. The crystals effloresce
in the air, and gradually lose five molecules of their water of crystalliza-
tion (25.1 per cent.). Average dose, 2 Gm. (30 gr.). Made by treating
acid calcium phosphate with sodium carbonate. The details of the
process are as follows: —

Arid calcium phosphate is made from bones, by treating them with
sulphuric acid, after thorough calcination. To the concentrated liquid
obtained by boiling this .solution down, carbonate of .sodium is added
until the phosphoric acid is completely saturated. The liquid is then
filtered and set aside to crystallize.

Details. — Bones consist of neutral calcium phosphate and animal
matter. The latter is separated by burning them to whiteness, leaving
a powder called bone phosphate or bone a.sh, a.ssociated with .some cal-
cium carbonate. When this is mixed with sulphuric acid, the calcium
carbonate is decomposed, giving rise to effervescence. The calcium
phosphate undergoes partial decompf)sition; the greater part of the
lime being liberated, precipitates as calcium sulphate, while the phos-
phoric acid combines with the undccomposed portions of the phosphate,

94 PHARMACY.

and remains in solution as an acid calcium phosphate, holding dissolved
a small portion of calcium sulphate.

CajaPO^

+

2H2SO, =

= CaH^aPO^ +

2CaS04.

Calcium

Sulphuric

Acid Calcium

Calcium

Phosphate.

Acid.

Phosphate.

Sulphate.

"In order to separate the acid phosphate from the precipitated mass
of calcium sulphate, boiling water is added to the mixture. The whole
is strained, and the sulphate washed as long as acid phosphate is re-
moved, which is known by the water f)assing through in an acid state.
The different Hquids which have passed the strainer, consisting of the
solution of acid calcium phosphate, are mixed and allowed to stand,
and, by cooling, a portion of calcium sulphate is deposited, which is
got rid of by decantation. The bulk of the liquid is now reduced by
evaporation, and, in consequence of the diminution of water, a fresh
portion of calcium sulphate is deposited, which is separated by subsi-
dence and decantation, as before. The acid calcium phosphate solution
being heated, is now saturated by means of a hot solution of sodium
carbonate, the carbonic acid is liberated with effervescence, and the
alkali, combining with the excess of acid of the acid phosphate, produces
sodium phosphate, while the acid calcium phosphate, by the loss of
its excess of *acid, becomes the neutral phosphate, and precipitates.

CaH,2P04 + NajCOj = CaHPO^ + Na2HP04 + H^O + CO,.

Acid Calcium Sodium Calcium Scxlium Water. Carbon

Phosphate. Carbonate. Phosphate. Phosphate. Dioxide.

"The calcium phosphate is separated by filtration, and the filtered
liquor which is a solution of sodium phosphate, is evaporated, so as
to crystallize." — (Remington.)

SODII PHOSPHAS EFFERVESCENS, U. S. Effervescent
Sodium Phosphate. — Exsiccated Sod. Phos., 200 Gm,; Sod. Bicarb.,
477 Gm.; Tartaric Acid, 252 Gm.; Citric Acid, 162 Gm. To make
about 1000 Gm. Powder the Citric Acid, and mix it intimately with
the Ex. Sod. Phos. and Tart. Acid, then thoroughly incorporate the
Sod. Bicarb. Heat to between 93° and 104° C. When moist, granulate
through a No. 6 tinned iron sieve. Dry at not exceeding 54° C. Bottle
tight. Average dose, 8 Gm. (120 gr.).

SODII PHOSPHAS EXSICCATUS, U. S. Exsiccated Sodium
Phosphate. Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure anhy-
drous Sodium Phosphate, [PO . (OH)(ONa)2]. A white powder which
absorbs moisture readily, made by allowing the crystals of Sodium Phos-
phate to effloresce for several days in warm air, at a temperature of
from 25° to 30° C, then drying in an oven at 100° C. until the salt ceases
to lose weight. Average dose, i Gm. (.15 gr.).

SODII PYROPHOSPHAS, U. S.— Sodium Pyrophosphate.

Na4P207 + 10H2O; 443.02. — Should contain, in an uneffloresced con-
dition, not less than 99 per cent.of pure Sodium Pyrophosphate, [(P0)20 .-
(ONa)4 + 10H2O]. Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms or a
crystalline powder. Odorless; cooUng, saline and feebly alkaline taste;

LirHITTM BENZOATE. 95

slightly efflorescent in warm air. Made by heating sodium phosphate
to redness, dissolving and crystallizing.

SODII SALICYLAS, U. S.— Sodium Salicylate. NaQH^Oj;
158.89. — Should contain not less than 99.5 percent, of pure Sodium Sali-
cylate, [C4H4(OH)COONa]. White, niicrocrystallinc powder or scales,
or an amorphous, colorless powder, or having not more than a faint
pink tinge; odorless, and having a sweetish, saline taste. Average dose,
1 Gm. (15 gr.). Made by decomposing sodium carbonate with salicylic
acid.

2HC7H5O3 -f Na^COj =

= 2NaQH503 + HjO -f CO2.

SaUcylic Add. Sodium

Sodium Water. Carbon

Carbonate.

Salicylate. Dioxide.

SODII SULPHAS, U. S.— Sodium Sulphate. Na2S04+ loHjO;
319.91. {Glauber's Salt.) — Should contain, in an uneffloresced condition,
not less than 99 per cent, of pure Sodium Sulphate, [S02(ONa)2 +
loHjO]. Large, colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms or granular
cr>'stals. Odorless; saline bitter taste. The salt effloresces rapidly in
the air, and finally loses all of its water of crystallization. Average dose,
16 Gm. (240 gr.). Made by treating common salt with sulphuric acid.

SODII SULPHIS, U. S.— Sodium Sulphite. NajSOg + 7H2O;
250.39. — Should contain, in the uneffloresced and air-dried condition,
not less than 94 per cent, of pure Sodium Sulphite. Colorless, trans-
parent, monoclinic prisms; odorless; cooling, saline, and sulphurous
taste. Exf)osed to the air, the salt effloresces, and is slowly oxidized
to sulphate. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.). Made by saturating a
solution of sodium carbonate with SO2 gas, thus forming acid sodium
sulphite, to which is added an equal weight of sodium carbonate, which
forms the neutral sulphite.

Na,CO, -f- SOj = Na^SOj -f- CO,.

Sodium Sulphur Sodium Carbon

Carbonate. Dioxide. Sulphite. Dioxide.

SODII THIOSULPHAS, U. S.— Sodium Thiosulphate. Na^Sj-
O, -f sHjO; 246.46. [Sodium Hyposulphis, Pharm. i8qo.] Should
contain not less than 98 per cent, of pure Sodium Thio.sulphate. Color-
less, transparent, monoclinic prisms. Permanent in the air below ^t,°
C. (91.4° F.), but efflorescent m dry air above that temperature; slightly
rJrliqueM ent in moi.st air; odorless; cooling, somewhat bitter taste; neu-
tral reaction. Made by decomposing calcium thiosulphate with sodium
sulphate. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).

CaSjO, +

Calcium
• Thiosulphate.

LITHIUM. Li - 6.98.
LITHII BENZOAS, U. S.— Lithium Bcnzoate. LiC^HjO, -

1 27. 1 1. — Should (ontain not less than 98.5 per (ent. of pure Lithium
Benzoate, (C^Hj . COOLi]. A light, white powder, or small, shining,
crystalline scales; odorless, or having a faintly benzoin-like odor; cooling

Na^SO,

- Na,S,0, +

CaSO«.

Sodium

Sodium

Calcium

Sulphate.

Thiosulphate.

Sulphate.

96 PHARMACY.

and sweetish taste; permanent in the air. Average dose, i Gm. (i
gr.). Made by treating lithium carbonate with benzoic acid.

LijCOa + 2HC7H5O2 =
Lithium Benzoic

Carbonate. Acid.

LITHII BROMIDUM, U. S— Lithium Bromide. LiBr = 86.34.
— Should contain, when well dried, not less than 97 per cent, of pure
IJthium Bromide. A white, granular salt; odorless; sharp, somewhat
bitter taste; very deliquescent. Made by decomposing ferrous bromide
with lithium carbonate. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).

2LiC7H502 +

HjO + CO2.

Lithium

Water. Carbon

Benzoate.

Dioxide.

FeBrj +

u,co, -

= 2LiBr +

FeC03.

Ferrous

Lithium

Lithium

Ferrous

Bromide.

Carbonate.

Bromide.

Carbonate.

LITHII CARBONAS, U. S.— Lithium Carbonate. LijCOj =
73.51. — Should contain not less than 98.5 per cent, of pure Lithium
Carbonate [CO . (OLi)2]. A light, white powder; odorless; alkaline
taste; permanent in the air. Made by precipitating lithium sulphate
with ammonium carbonate. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7J gr.).

LITHII CITRAS, U. S.— Lithium Citrate. U^C^H^Oj + 4H2O
= 280.08.-;— Should, when carefully dried, contain not less than 98.5
per cent, of pure Lithium Citrate, [C3H4(OH)(COOLi)3l. A white
powder or colorless crystals; odorless; cooling, faintly alkaline taste;
deliquescent on exposure to moist air. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7A gr.).
Made by decomposing the carbonate with citric acid.

3U,CO, + sHaCeH^O, = 2Lij,C«H,0, + 3H2O + 3CO2.

Lithium Citric Acid. Lithium Water. Carbon

Carbonate. Citrate. Dioxide.

LITHII CITRAS EFFERVESCENS, U. S.— Effervescent Lithium
Citrate. — Made by mixing 195 Gm. of Citric Acid (uneffloresced crys-
tals) with 50 Gm. of Lithium Citrate and 300 Gm. of Tartaric Acid
(dried and powdered), then thoroughly incorporating therewith 570
Gm. of dried and powdered Sodium Bicarbonate; drying in an oven
at 93°-94° C. (i99.4°-2i9.2° F.); and, when the mixture has acquired
a moist consistency, granulating. Average dose, 8 Gm. (120 gr.).

LITHII SALICYLAS, U. S.— Lithium Salicylate. UC,U,0, =
142.99. — Should contain not less than 98.5 per cent, of pure Lithium
Salicylate, [C6H4(OH)COOLi]. A white, or grayish white powder;
odorless; sweetish taste; dehquescent in a moist atmosphere. Average
dose, I Gm. (15 gr.). Made by decomposing lithium carbonate with
salicylic acid.

U2CO3 -f- 2HC7H5O3 = 2LiC7H503 f HjO + CO2.

Lithium Salicylic Lithium Water. Carbon

Carbonate. Acid. Salicylate. Dioxide.

AMMONIUM.
AQUA AMMONIA, U. S.— Ammonia Water.— A colorless, trans-
parent liquid; very pungent characteristic odor; acrid, alkaline taste;

AMMONIUM BROMIDE. 97

Strongly alkaline reaction, consisting of an aqueous solution of ammonia
[NHj = 16.93] containing 10 per cent, by weight of the gas. Made
by mixing ammonium chloride with milk of lime, and distilling over
the gas into distilled water. The reaction is as follows : —

2NH«C1 +

Ca(HO),

= 2NH3 + CaClj +

2H2O.

Ammonium

Calcium

Ammonia. Calcium

Water.

Chloride.

Hydroxide.

Chloride.

AQUA AMMONIiE FORTIOR, U. S.— Stronger Ammonia
Water. — 28 [>cr cent, bv weight aqueous solution NH3. Sp. gr. 0.897,
at25°C.(77°^^)•

SPIRITUS AMMONIiE, U. S.— Spirit of Ammonia.— An alco-
holic solution of ammcjnia containing 10 per cent, by weight of the gas.

SPIRITUS AMMONIiE AROMATICUS, U. S.— Aromatic Spirit
of Ammonia. — An aromatic hydro-alcoholic solution of ammonium
carbonate. (See Spiritus, Part II.)

LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS, U. S.— Solution of Ammonium
Acetate. {Spirit 0} Mindcrcrus.) — An acjucous solution of Ammonium
Acetate, [CH, . COONH^ = 76.51], containing about 7 per cent, of
the salt, together with small amounts of acetic and carbonic acid. A
clear, colorless liquid, free from empyreuma; mildly saline taste; acid
reaction. Made by mixing solution of acetic acid and ammonium
carbonate.

(NH,HC03)NH4NH3C02 -h sHCjHsO, =
Add Ammonium Carbonate Acetic Acid,

and Carbamate.

aNH.CjHgO, -f 2CO2 -f HjO.
Ammonium Carbon Water.

Acetate. Dioxide.

AMMONII BENZOAS, U. S.— Ammonium Benzoate. NH^-
QHjO,; 138.06. — It should contain not less than 98 per cent, of pure
Ammonium Benzoate, [CgHj . COONH4], and should be kept in well-
stoppered bottles. Thin, white, laminar crystals, or a crystalline pow-
der, gradually losing ammonia on cxpostirc to the air; odorless; saline,
bitter, afterward slightly at rid taste. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).
Made by dissolving iK>niS(jic acid in water of ammonia.

HQH/), + NH,HO - NH4C7H5O2 + H,0.

Benzoic Ammonia Ammrmium Water.

Acid. Water. Benzoate.

AMMONII BROMIDUM, U. S.— Ammonium Bromide. NH«-
Br; 97.29. — It should contain not le.ss than 97 [>cr cent. f)f pure .\mmo-
nium Bromide, and .should be kept in well-stopi)ered l>ottles. Colorless,
transparent, prismatic crystals, or a white crystalline powder permanent
in the air; <xlorles.s, pungent, saline taste. Made by adding water of
ammonia, gradually, to bromine, under water. (Pile's Process.)

6Br + 8NH, - 6NH^Br -|- N,.
Bromine. Ammonui. Ammonium Nitrogen.
Bromide.

98 PHARMACY.

AMMONII CARBONAS, U. S.— Ammonium Carbonate. C2H,,-
N3O5 = 156.0T. — It should contain not less than 97 per cent, of a mix-
ture of Acid Ammonium Carbonate, [CO(OH)ONHJ, and Ammonium
Carbamate, [CO(NH2)ONH4], and should yield not less than 31.58 per
cent, of ammonia gas. For dispensing purposes, only the translucent por-
tion should be used. White, hard, translucent, striated masses, having a
strong odor of ammonia without empyreuma, and a sharp, saline taste.
On exposure to the air, the salt loses both ammonia and carbon dioxide,
becoming opaque, and is finally converted into friable, porous lumps,
or a white powder (acid ammonium carbonate). Average dose, 0.250
Gm. (4 gr.). Made by subliming a mixture of ammonium sulphate
and calcium carbonate.

2(NH4)2S04 + 2CaC03 = NH^HCOa-NH^NHzCOj +
Ammonium Calcium Ammonium Carbonate.

Sulphate Carbonate. (Official.)

H2O. -1- NH3 -f 2CaSO,

Water. Ammonia. Calcium Sulphate.

AMMONII CHLORIDUM, U. S.— Ammonium Chloride. NH,-
Cl = 53-1 1- {Sal Ammoniac, Muriate 0} Ammonia.) — It should contain
not less th^an 99.5 per cent, of pure Ammonium Chloride. A white,
crystalline powder, permanent in the air; odorless; cooling, saline taste;
aqueous solution has a neutral reaction. Made by subliming a mix-
ture of ammonium sulphate and sodium chloride.

This salt is chiefly made from -the gas liquor from gas works.

AMMONII lODIDUM, U. S.— Ammonium Iodide. NHJ =
143.83. — It should contain not less than 97 per cent, of pure Am-
monium Iodide. When deeply colored, the salt should not be dis-
pensed, but it may be deprived of free iodin by adding to its concentrated
aqueous solution sufficient ammonium sulphide T. S. to render it color-
less, then filtering, and evaporating on a water-bath to dryness. Minute,
colorless, cubical crystals, or a white, granular powder, without odor
when colorless, but emitting a slight odor of iodine when colored, and
having a sharp, saline taste. The salt is very hygroscopic, and soon
becomes yellow or yellowish-brown on exposure to the air and light,
owing to the loss of ammonia and the liberation of iodine. Average
dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.). Made by mixing solutions of potassium
iodide and ammonium sulphate.

2KI

+

(NH,)2SO,

= 2NHJ -f- K2SO4.

•otassiun

1

Ammonium

Ammonium Potassium

Iodide.

Sulphate.

Iodide. Sulphate.

AMMONII SALICYLAS, U. S. Ammonium Salicylate. NH^-
C7H5O3 = 153.94. — It should contain not less than 98 per cent, of pure
Ammonium Salicylate, [C6H4(OH)COONH4l, and should be kept in
well-stoppered bottles protected from heat and light. Colorless, lus-
trous, monoclinic prisms, or plates, or a white, crystalline powder; odor-
less, and having at first a slightly saline, bitter taste, with a sweetish
after-taste. Made by adding salicylic acid to ammonia water, evaporat-
ing and crystallizing Average dose, 0.250 Gm. = 250 Mg. (4 gr.).

MAGNESIUM SULPHATE. 99

AMMONII VALERAS, U. S.— Ammonium Valerianate. [Am-
monii Valerianas, Pharm. i8go.] — Colorless or white quadrangular
plates, deliquescent in moist air ; valerianic acid odor ; sharp and
sweetish taste. It should contain not less than 98 per cent, of pure
•Ammonium Valerianate, [C4H9COONH4], and should be kept in well-
stoppered bottles. Made by passing ammonia gas into monohydrated
valerianic acid.

The salt found in commerce is, usually, the acid salt, and should be
neutralized with ammom'a when used in solution for making preparations.

MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, BARIUM, AND STRONTIUM.

MAGNESIUM. Mg; 24.18.
MAGNESII CARBONAS, U. S.— Magnesium Carbonate. Ap-
proximately (MgC03)4 . Mg(OH)2 . 5H2O; 482.26. — Should yield, upon
ignition, not less than 40 per cent, of residue, of which not less than 96
per cent, should consist of pure magnesium oxide. Light, while friable
masses, or a bulky, white powder; odorless; slightly earthy taste; per-
manent in the air. Average dose, 3 Gm. (45 gr.). Made by double
decomposition between magnesium sulphate and sodium carbonate.
Boiling distilled water is used to make the heavy, U.S. salt. The light
variety results when cold water is employed.

SMgSO^ + sNa^COa + H^O -
Magnesium Sodium Water.

Sulphate. Carbonate.

4MgCO,Mg(HO)2 -f sNajSO^ + COj.
Magnesium Carbonate. Sodium Carbon

Sulphate. Dioxide.

MAGNESII OXIDUM, U. S.— Magnesium Oxide. Magnesia.

MgO; 40.26. [Magnesia, Pharm. 1890. Calcined Magnesia, Light
Magnesia.] Should contain, after ignition, not less than 96 per cent, of
purr Magnesium Oxide. A white, very bulky and very fine powder,
slowly absorbing moisture and carbon dioxide from the air; odorless;
an earthy, but no .saline, taste; faintly alkaline reaction when moistened
▼nth water. Made by calcining light magnesium rarbcjnate.

(MgCO,)«.Mg(HO), + SH,0 = sMgO + 4^0^ + 6HjO.
Magnesium Carbonate. Magnesium CMrlK>n Water.

Oxide Dioxide.

MAGNESII OXIDUM PONDEROSUM, U. S. -Heavy Magne-
sium Oxide. Heavy Magnesia. [Magnesia Ponflcrosa, Pharm. 1S90.]
MgO; 40.06. — Should contain, after ignition, not less than 96 per cent.
of pure Magnesium Oxide. A white, dcn.se and very fine powder, which
should conform to the reaction and tests of Magnesii Oxidum. Average
dose, 2 Gm. (30 gr.). Made by calcining heavy magnesium carly)natc.

MAGNESII SULPHAS, U. S.— Magnesium Sulphate. MgSO^ 4-
711,0 ; 244.69. (Epsom Salt.) — Should (ontain nf)t less than 99.7 per
cent, of pure Magnesium Sulphate, [SOj . OjMg f 711/)]. Small, col-
orless, prismatic needles or rhombic prisms; odorlcs.s; cooling, saline

100 PHARMACY.

and bitter taste; slowly efflorescent in the air. Made by treating native
magnesium hydrate \^dth sulphuric acid.

Native magnesium hydrate is found in the United States, and is a
silicious hydrate, practically free from lime. The mineral is treated
with the acid, dried, and calcined, in order to convert into red oxide
any ferrous sulphate which may be present. It is then dissolved in
water, and calcium sulphide added to separate any remaining portion
of iron. Purified by recrystallization.

Dolomite, the double carbonate of magnesium and calcium, is used
in England for preparing Epsom salts. The carbon dioxide is driven
off by heat, converting the residue into hydrates, which are treated with
HCl. The calcium chloride formed by this reaction is dissolved out
from the magnesium salt with water, and the latter converted into sul-
phate by treating it with sulphuric acid.

MAGNESII SULPHAS EFFERVESCENS, U. S.— Effervescent
Magnesium Sulphate. — Dry 500 Gm. of Magnesium Sulphate, mix it
with 136 Gm. of Citric Acid, and 211 Gm. of Tartaric Acid, and thor-
oughly incorporate with it 403 Gm. of Sodium Bicarbonate, heat to 98°-
104° C. (i99.4°-2i9.2° F.), and when the mixture has acquired a moist
consistency, granulate, and dry at not exceeding 54° C. (129.2° F.).
Average dose, 16 Gm. (240 gr.).

LIQUOR MAGNESII CITRATIS, U. S.— Solution of Magnesium
Citrate. — Made by dissolving magnesium carbonate 15 Gm. in a
solution of citric acid (33 Gm. Water of S.), flavoring with Syr. Cit.
Acid, 60 Cc, bottling (capacity of bottle 360 Cc), and dropping into
bottle Potass. Bicarb. 2.5 Gm.; cork tightly, shake till P. B. is dissolved.

CALCIUM. Ca; 39.8.
CALX, U. S.— Lime. Calcium Oxide. CaO; 55.68.— Hard,
white or grayish-white masses, which, in contact with the air, gradually
attract moisture and carbon dioxide, and fall to a white powder; odor-
less; caustic taste. Made by calcining white marble, or the purest
varieties of native calcium carbonate, and containing, when in the
anhydrous state, not less than 90 per cent, of pure Calcium Oxide.

LIQUOR CALCIS, U. S.— Lime Water. Solution of Calcium
Hydroxide. — A clear, colorless liquid; odorless; alkaline taste; alka-
line reaction. Made by dissolving lime in water. Contains about 0.14
per cent, of pure Calcium Hydroxide, [Ca(OH)2]. Varies with tem-
perature.

CALX SULPHURATA, U. S.— Sulphurated Lime.— A pale gray
powder, exhaling a faint odor of hydrogen sulphide, having a nauseous
and alkaline taste, gradually decomposing by exposure to moist air.
A mixture containing at least 55 per cent, of calcium sulphide (CaS;
71.63), together with unchanged calcium sulphate (CaS04; 135.15),
and carbon, in varying proportions. Made by heating dried calcium
sulphate, charcoal, and starch to bright redness until the mixture has
lost its black color, cooHng, powdering, and transferring the powder to
small, glass-stoppered vials. Average dose, 0.065 ^"^- (^ g''-)*

CALCIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE. 101

CALCII BROMIDUM, U. S.— Calcium Bromide. CaBrj; 198.52.
— It should contain not less than 97 per cent, of pure Calcium Bromide.
A white, granular salt; very deliquescent; odorless; sharp saline taste.
Average dose, 1 Gm. (15 gr.). Made by dissolving calcium carbonate
in hydrobromic acid.

CaCO, + 2HBr = CaBr, + H^O + COj.

Caldum Hydrobromic Calcium Water. Carbon

Carbonate. Acid. Bromide. Dioxide.

CALCII CARBONAS PR^CIPITATUS, U. S.— Precipitated
Calcium Carbonate. CaCO,; 99.35. — Should contain not less than
99 per cent, of pure Calcium Carbonate. A fine, white powder, perma-
nent in the air; odorless and tasteless. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).
Made by double decomposition between calcium chloride and sodium
carbonate.

CaCl, + NajCO, = CaCO, + 2NaCl.
Calcium Sodium Calcium Sodium

Chloride. Carbonate. Carbonate. Chloride.

Precipitated calcium carbonate is also known as Precipitated Chalk.

CRETA PILffiPARATA, U. S.— Prepared Chalk (Drop Chalk).—
Native CalciumCarbonate, freed- from most of its impurities by elutria-
tion. A white to grayish white, very, fine, amorphous powder, often
molded into conical drops, permanent in the air; odorless and taste-
less. Average dose, iGm. (i5gr.).

MLstura Cret^e, Pulvis Cretae Compositus, see Part II.

CALCn CHLORIDUM, U. S.— Calcium Chloride. CaCl^', 1 10.16.
— Calcium Chloride, rendered anhydrous by fusion at the lowest possible
temperature. .Should contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure calcium
chloride. White, slightly translucent, hard fragments, very deliquescent;
odorless; sharj), saline taste; neutral, or faintly alkaline reaction. Made
by acting on calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.

CaCO,

+ 2HCI =

CaCl, + COj +

HjO.

Calciam

Hydrochloric

Calcium Carbon

Water.

Carbonate.

Acid.

Chloride. Dioxide.

CALCII HYPOPHOSPHIS, U. S.— Calcium Hypophosphite.
Ca(PH,Oj),; 168.86. — Should contain not le.ss than 98 per cent. Calcium
Hypoph^>sphitc, [(PO . OH,)2Ca]. Caution: liable to explode when tri-
turated or heated with nitrates, chlorates, or other oxidizing agents.
Colorles.s, transparent, monrKlinic prisms, or small, lustrous scales, or
a white, rr>'slalline pf>wder, f)ermanent in dry air; txiorless; nauseous,
bitter taste. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7J gr.). Made by heating
phfisf>hr>rus with milk of lime.

8P f 3Ca(HO), + 6H,0 - jCaH/POj), -f aPHj.
Phcjftphorus. Calcium Water. Calcium Phosphoretted

Hydrate. Hypophosphite. Hydrogen.

It Is necessary to provide for the safe e.scape of the phosphoretted
hydrogen gas evolved in this rea( tion, by conducting it, by a hood, into
a powerful draught. No higher heat than 85° C. (iSs® F.) should be
used, for fear of explosion.

102 PHARMACY.

CALCII PHOSPHAS PR^CIPITATUS, U. S.— Precipitated
Calcium Phosphate. Ca3(P04)2; 307.98.— Should contain not less
than 99 per cent, of pure Calcium Phosphate, [(PO . 03)2Ca3]. A bulky,
white, amorphous powder, permanent in the air; odorless and tasteless.
Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.). Made by treating bone ash with HCl,
and precipitating it with ammonia.

See also Syrupus Hypophosphitum, Syrupus Hypophosphitum Com-
positus, Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis, and Syrupus Calcis, under
Syrupi, Part II.

CALCII SULPHAS EXSICCATUS, U. S.— Exsiccated Calcium
Sulphate. {Dried Gypsum.) — A powder containing about 95 percent.,
by weight, of Calcium Sulphate (CaS04; 135.15), and about 5 per cent,
of Water; prepared from the purer varieties of native gypsum (CaSO^ +
2H2O; 170.91), by carefully heating until about three-fourths of the
water has been expelled. Occurring as a fine, white powder, without
odor or taste. Keep dry.

For Syrupus Calcis, Linimentum Calcis, Syrupus Hypophosphitum,
Syrupus Hypophosphitum Compositus, Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis,
Pulvis Cretae Compositus, Mistura Cretae, see under appropriate heads
in Part I.

BARIUM. Ba; 136.4.

This element furnishes to the Pharmacopoeia one salt, used for testing,
and two test-solutions.

STRONTIUM. Sr; 86.94.

STRONTII BROMIDUM, U. S.— Strontium Bromide. SrBr,-|-
6H2O; 352.94. — Should contain not less than 97 per cent, of pure Stron-
tium Bromide. Colorless, transparent, hexagonal crystals; odorless,
and having a bitter, saline taste. Very deliquescent. Average dose,
I Gm. (15 gr.). Made by di.ssolving the carbonate in hydrobromic acid,
evaporating and crystallizing.

STRONTII lODIDUM, U. S.— Strontium Iodide. Srl^ -|- 6H2O =
446.02. — Colorless, transparent, hexagonal plates; odorless, and having
a bitter, saline taste. Deliquescent, and colored yellow by exposure to
light and air. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7J gr.). Made by evaporating
a solution of strontium hydroxide in hydriodic acid.

STRONTII SALICYLAS, U. S.— Strontium Salicylate.— SrCC^Hg-
03)2+ 2H2O = 394.72. Should contain not less than 98.5 per cent,
of pure Strontium Salicylate, [(CgH^ . OH . COO)2Sr + 2H2O]. A
white, crystalline powder; odorless, and having a sweetish, saline taste.
Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.). Made by decomf)Osing strontium with a
strong hot solution of salicylic acid, filtering and crystallizing.

ZINC, ALUMINIUM, CERIUM AND CADMIUM.

ZINCUM.— ZINC. Zn; 64.9.
ZINCUM, U. S.— Zinc. Zn = 64.9.— Should contain not less than
99 per cent, of pure metallic zinc. A bluish-white metal, showing a

ZINC CHLORIDE. 103

crystalline fracture; in the form of thin sheets, or in irregular granular
pieces, or moulded into thin pencils, or in fine powder. Prepared by
roasting calamine (impure carbonate) with charcoal, and collecting the
zinc vapors in water. Used in making H and in preparing the Zn salts.
ZINCI ACETAS, U. S.— Zinc Acetate. Zn(C2H302)2 + aH^O =
217.82. — Should contain, in the uneffloresced condition, not less than
99-5 per cent, of pure zinc acetate, [(CH, . COO)2Zn + 2H2O]. Soft,
white, six-sided, monoclinic plates, of a pearly lustre, gradually effloresc-
ing in dry air, and losing some of its acid; faintly acetous odor, and
in dilute solution an astringent, metallic taste; acid reaction. Average
dose, 0.125 Gm. (2 gr.). Made by heating zinc oxide with acetic acid.

ZnO + 2HC2H,02 = Zn(C2H302)2 + H2O.
Zinc Oxide. Acetic Acid. Zinc Acetate. Water.

ZINCI BROMIDUM, U. S.— Zinc Bromide. ZnBr2 = 223.62.
— Should contain, when anhydrous, at least 97 per cent, of pure Zinc
Bromide. A white, granular powder, very deliquescent; odorless,
sharp, saline, and metallic taste; slightly acid reaction. Average dose,
0.125 Gm. (2 gr.). Made by double decomposition of zinc sulphate
and potassium bromide.

ZnSO« + -KBr = ZnBr2 f K2SO4.

Zinc Potas.sium Zinc Potassium

Sulphate. Bromide. Bromide. Sulphate.

ZmCI CARBONAS PRiECIPITATUS, U. S.— Precipitated Zinc
Carbonate. — Hydrous Zinc Carbonate, which, upon ignition, should
yield not less than 72 per cent, of zinc oxide, [ZnO = 80.78]. An im-
palpable white powder, of somewhat variable chemical composition;
peimanent in the air; odorless and tasteless. Made by double decom-
position of zinc sulphate and sodium carbonate.

SNa^CO, -I- 5ZnSO« -f ^HjO -

Sodium Zinc Water.

Carbonate. Sulphate.

(ZnCO,)23Zn(HO), + 5Na2SO, -t- 3COJ.
Zinc Carlx»nate. Sodium Oarbon

Sulphate. Dioxide.

Conduct at boiling heat, to prevent loss by the action of the CO, on
the neutral rarbfjnate, which occurs if cold .solutions are used.

ZmCI CHLORIDUM, U. S.— Zinc Chloride. ZnCl,; 135.26,—
Should contain, when anhydrous, not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure
Zinc Chloride. A white granular jK)wder, or porcelain-like mas.ses,
irregular, or moulded into jK-ncils, very deli(juescent; odorless; of such
intensely caustic propxrrties as to make tasting dangerous, unless the
salt \je dLs.soived in much water; the dilute solution has an astringent
metallic taste. Acid reaction. Made by evaporating the official solu-
tion of chloride of zinc.

aZn + 4HCI - aZnCl, + 4H.
Zinc. Hydrochloric Zinc Hydrogen.

Add. Chloride.

104 PHARMACY.

LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDI, U. S.— Solution of Zinc Chloride.

{Burnett's Disinjecting Fluid.) — An aqueous solution of ZnClg containing
about 50 per cent, of the salt. Made by heating zinc with hydrochloric
acid.

2Zn + 4HCI = 2ZnCl2 + 4H.

Tiac. Hydrochloric Zinc Hydrogen.

Acid. Chloride.

ZINCI lODIDUM, U. S.— Zinc Iodide. Znlj; 316.70.— Should
contain, when anhydrous, not less than 98 per cent, of pure zinc iodide.
A white, granular powder; odorless; sharp, saline and metallic taste;
very deliquescent, and upon exposure to air and light becoming brown
from liberated iodine; acid reaction. Average dose, 0.065 Gm. (i gr.).
Made by digesting zinc with iodine diffused in water.

Zn + 2HI = Znl, + 2H.

Zinc. Hydriodic Acid.

ZINCI OXIDUM, U. S.— Zinc Oxide. ZnO; 80.78.— Should con-
tain not less than 99.0 per cent, of pure Zinc Oxide. A very fine,
amorphous, white or yellowish-white powder, free from gritty particles,
without odor or taste; it gradually absorbs carbon dioxide from the
air. Made by calcining zinc carbonate. Average dose, 0.250 Gm.
(4 gr.)-

On the 4arge scale, this salt is made by heating calamine and coal
together, and separating the impurities by blowing the mixed vapors
up a large tower, allowing the heavier particles to subside, and then by
a powerful draught blowing outside into a room containing muslin bags,
where it is deposited. It may be prepared by exposing the precip.
carbonate to a low red heat until the water and carbonic acid are wholly
expelled.

ZINCI PHENOLSULPHONAS, U. S.— Zinc Phenolsulphonate.
Zn{C^llf)^?>)2+ 8H2O = 551.56. {Zinc Sulphocarbolate.)~Sho\ild
contain, in uneffloresced crystals, not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure
Zinc Paraphenolsulphonate[(C6H4(OH)S03)2Zn 1:4+ 8H2O]. Color-
less, transparent, rhombic prisms or tabular crystals; odorless, and
having an astringent, metallic taste. Exposed to the ^ir the salt efflo-
resces, and upon exposure to light and air may become slightly pink.
Average dose, 0.125 ^^- (2 gr)-

ZINCI STEARAS, U. S.— Zinc Stearate.— A very fine, white pow-
der, tasteless, and having a very faint odor, resembling that of fat. Made
by adding a solution of 75 Gm. of Zn Acetate in 5000 Cc. of water to a
solution of 200 Gm. of dried Castile Soap in 3000 Cc. of hot water. The
latter solution must be cold before mixing. The precipitate is washed
and dried without heat.

ZINCI SULPHAS, U. S.— Zinc Sulphate. ZnSO^ -I- 7H2O ; 285.41.
Should contain, in uneffloresced crystals, not less than 99.5 per cent,
of pure Zinc Sulphate, [SO . OgZn + 7H2O]. Colorless, transparent
rhombic crystals; odorless; astringent metallic taste; efflorescent in
dry air; acid reaction. Made by acting on zinc with diluted sulphuric
acid.

CERIUM OXALATE. 105

2Zn 4- 2H2SO4 + H2O = 2ZnS04 + 4H + HjO.
Zinc. Sulphuric Water. Zinc iiydrogen. Water.

.Acid. Sulphate.

ZINCI VALERIAS, U. S.— Zinc Valerate. ZnCQHaOj)! +
2H,0 = 301.28. — [Zinci Vaierianas, Phami. 1890.] — Should contain not
less than 99 per cent, of pure Zinc Valerate, [(C4H9 . COO)2Zn + 2H2O].
White, pearly scales, having the odor of valeric acid, and a sweetish,
a.stringent, and metallic taste; acid reaction. On exposure to the air,
it slowly loses valeric acid. Average dose, 0.125 Gm. (2 gr.). Made by
double decomposition of zinc sulphate and sodium valerianate.

2NaC5H,02 + ZnSO, = Zn(C6H902)2 + NazSO^.
Sodium Zinc Zinc Sodium

Valerate. Sulphate. Valerate. Sulphate.

ALUMINUM. Al; 26.9.

ALUMEN, U. S. — ^Alum. (Potassium Alum. Aluminum and
Potassium Sulphate.) AlK(SO<)2 + 12H2O; 471.02. — Large, colorless,
octahedral cr>'stals, sometimes modified by cubes, or in crystalline frag-
ments; odorless; sweetish, strongly astringent taste. Made by treating
alum -clay (chiefly aluminum silicate) with sulphuric acid and potassium
sulphate.

ALUMEN EXSICCATUM, U. S.— Exsiccated Alum. {Dried
Alum.) A1K(S04)2 = 256.46. — Should contain not less than 99.5 per
cent, of pure Aluminium and Potassium Sulphate. Average dose,
0.500 Gm. (7I gr.). A white, granular powder, attracting moisture
when exp<jsed to the air; odorless; sweetish, astringent taste. Pre-
pared by driving off the water of crystallization from alum.

ALUMINI HYDROXIDUM, U. S.— Aluminum Hydroxide.
[.■Mumini Hydras, Pharni. i8(X).] {Hydrated Alumina.) — A white, light,
amorjihous powder, cxJorless and tasteless; permanent in dry air. Made
by double decomposition of alum and sodium carbonate.

ALUBflNI SULPHAS, U. S.— Aluminum Sulphate. AljfSO,), . -
16H2O; 625.93. — A white, crystalline powder, or shining plates, or
cr>'sta!line fragments, permanent in the air; odorless; sweetish, and
aften^ard astringent taste. Made by treating aluminum hydrate with
sulphuric acid and crystallizing.

CERIUM. Ce; 139 2-
CERH OXALAS, U. S.— Cerium Oxalate.— A fine white powder,
without <xJor or taste, {x.-rmancnt in the air. Consists < liiefly of a mix-
ture of the oxalates of cerium, didymium, and lanthanum, and of other
rare earths of this group. Average df«e, 0.065 (im, ( i gr.)

CADMIUM. Cd; iri.6.

Cadmium enters into no official preparations, though it is used to
extent in medicine.

106 PHARMACY,

MANGANESE, IRON AND CHROMIUM.

MANGANESE. Mn; 54.6.

MANGANI DIOXIDUM PR^CIPITATUM, U. S.— Precipitated
Manganese Dioxide. [To replace Mangani Dioxidum, Pharm. 1890.]
Chiefly Manganese Dioxide, [MnOz = 86.36], with small amounts of
other oxides of manganese, corresponding to not less than 80 per cent,
of Manganese Dioxide. A heavy, very fine, black powder, without odor
or taste; permanent in the air. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

MANGANI HYPOPHOSPHIS,U. S.— Manganese Hypophosphite.

Mn(PH202)2 + HjO = 201.54. Should contain not less than 97
per cent, of pure Manganese Hypophosphite, [(PHjO . 0)2Mn -f HjO].
A pink crystalline powder, odorless, and nearly tasteless; permanent in
the air. Average dose, 0.200 Gm. (3 gr.).

MANGANI SULPHAS, U. S.— Manganese Sulphate. MnS04 +

4H2O; 221.47. — Should contain not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure
Manganese Sulphate, [SO2 . OzMn + 4H2O]. Colorless, or pale rose-
colored, translucent, tetragonal prisms; odorless; slightly bitter and
astringent taste. Made by Prof. Diehl's process. Manganese dioxide
and charcoal are heated together to redness, the residue treated with
sulphuric acid and again heated to redness, and the residue dissolved
in water. ' The solution is then filtered and crystallized.

POTASSII PERMANGANAS, U. S.— Potassium Permanganate.

(See Potassium.)

IRON.

FERRUM, U. S.— Iron. Fe = 55.5. Metallic iron, in the form
of fine, bright, and non-elastic wire.

FERRUM REDUCTUM, U. S.— Reduced Iron.— Should contain
not less than 90 per cent, of pure metallic iron. The U. S. P. gives
process of assay. A very fine, grayish-black, lustreless powder, per-
manent in dry air; without odor or taste. Average dose, 0.065 Gm.
(i gr.). Made bypassing hydrogen over subcarbonate of iron, heated
in a reduction tube.

The subcarbonate directed in the U. S. P. process is more properly
an oxyhydrate, and the H combines with the O to form water, and
metallic iron in fine powder is left behind.

Fe203 + 6H = 2Fe -f 3H2O.
Ferric Oxide. Hydrogen. Iron. Water.

FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATUS, U. S.— Saccharated Fer-
rous Carbonate.— Should contain not less than 15 percent, of [FeCOg =
115.05]. A greenish-gray powder, gradually oxidized by contact with
air; odorless; at first a sweetish, afterward a slightly ferruginous taste;
neutral reaction. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.). Made by double
decomposition between ferrous sulphate and sodium bicarbonate. The
precipitate is preserved with sugar.

FERRIC CITRATE. 107

FeSO^ + zNaHCOj = NajSO^ + FeCOj + HjO + CO2.
Ferrous Sodium Sodium Ferrous Water. Carbon

Sulphate. Bicarbonate. Sulphate. Carbonate. Dioxide.

MASSA FERRI CARBONATIS, U. S.— Mass of Ferrous Car-
bonate. {Vault's Mass.) — Prepared by double decomposition between
ferrous sulphate and sodium carbonate. The precipitate is preserved
with honey, which prevents the ferrous carbonate from oxidizing.

FeSO, +

NajCOa =

= FeCOa +

Na^SO,.

Ferrous

Sodium

Ferrous

Sodium

Sulphate.

Carbonate.

Carbonate.

Sulphate.

PILULiE FERRI CARBONATUS, U. S.— Pills of Ferrous Car-
bonate.— Prepared by double decomposition between ferrous sulphate
and potassium carbonate. The carbonate is preserved with sugar, but,
to insure its presence, the Pharmacopoeia directs that the pills should
be freshly prepared when wanted. (See Pilulae, Part II.)

MISTURA FERRI COMPOSITA. Compound Iron Mixture.
(Griffith's Mixture.) Contains ferrous carbonate made by double de-
composition between ferrous sulphate and potassium carbonate. The
carbonate is preserved to a certain extent by the sugar in the mixture,
but the preparation should be freshly made when wanted. (See Misturae,
Part II.)

FERRI CHLORIDUM, U. S.— Ferric Chloride.— Should contain
not less than 22 per cent, of metallic iron in the form of chloride. Orange-
yellow, crystalline pieces, very deliquescent in moist air; odorless, or
having a faint odor of hydrochloric acid; strongly styptic taste. Made
from Solution of Ferric Chloride. Average dose, 0.065 ^im. (i gr.).

LIQUOR FERRI CHLORIDI, U. S.— Solution of Ferric Chloride.
{Solution 0} Ferric Chloride.) — .\ reddish-brown liquid, consisting of an
aqueous solution (with .some free hydrochloric acid) of ferric chloride
(FcjCl^ containing not less than 29 per cent, of the anhydrous salt,
corresponding to 10 per cent, of metallic iron. It has a faint odor of
hydrochloric acid; acid, strongly styptic taste; acid reaction. Prepared
by oxidizing solution of ferrous chloride with nitric acid. Made by act-
ing on iron with hydrochloric acid which converts it into ferrous chloride,
FeClj, which is converted into ferric chloride (Fe^C^) by the addition
of nitric and hydrochloric acids. The reaction is as follows: —

Pirsi Reaction. —

Fe, + 4HCI - (FeCl,)a + 4H.
Iron. Hydrochloric Ferrous Hydrogen.
Add. Chloride.

Second Reaction. — Conversion of ferrous chloride into ferric chloride.

6FeCl, ^- 6HCI -I- 2HNO, - 6FeCl, + N,0, -f 4H2O.
Ferrous Hydrochloric Nitric Ferric Nitrogen Water.

ChJoride. Acid. Add. Chloride. Dioxide.

FERRI CITRAS, U. S.— Ferric Citrate.— Should contain Ferric
Citrate corresponding in amount to not less than 16 per :ent. of metallic
iron. Thin, transparent, garnet-red scales; odorless; slightly ferrugin-

108 PHARMACY.

ous taste; acid reaction. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.). Prepared
by evaporating and scaling solution of ferric citrate.

FERRI ET AMMONII CITRAS, U. S.— Iron and Ammonium
Citrate. (Ammonio-Ferric Citrate. Soluble Ferric Citrate.) — Should
contain Iron and Am. Cit. corresponding in amount to not less than
16 per cent, of metallic iron. Thin, transparent, garnet-red scales,
deliquescent on exposure to damp air; odorless; saline, mildly ferrugi-
nous taste; neutral reaction. Prepared by adding water of ammonia
to solution of ferric citrate, evaporating and scaling. Average dose,
0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

FERRI ET QUININE CITRAS, U. S.— Iron and Quinine Citrate.
— Should contain not less than 11.5 per cent, of diied quinin, and ferric
citrate corresponding in amount to not less than 13.5 per cent, of metal-
lic iron. The U. S. P. gives two processes of assay, one for quinine, and
one for iron. Thin, transparent scales, of a reddish-brown color; odor-
less; bitter, mildly ferruginous taste; slowly deliquescent; acid reaction.
Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.). Made by dissolving quinine (alkaloid)
in solution of ferric citrate, evaporating and scaling.

FERRI ET QUININiE CITRAS SOLUBILIS, U. S.— Soluble
Iron and Quinine Citrate. — Should contain same amount of quinine
and iron as Fer. et quin. cit. Thin, transparent scales of a greenish,
golden-yellow color; odorless, bitter, mildly ferruginous taste; deliques-
cent. A^{erage dose, 0.025 ^'^^^ (4 g^)- Made by adding to a solution
of citrate of iron, quinine and citric acid, previously dissolved in dis-
tilled water, then adding sufficient ammonia water to precipitate and
redissolve, evaporating and scaling on plates of glass.

FERRI ET STRYCHNINE CITRAS, U. S.— Iron and Strych-
nine Citrate. — Should contain not less than 0.9 nor more than i per
cent, of strychnine, and ferric citrate corresponding in amount to not
less than 16 per cent, of metallic iron. Thin, transparent scales, vary-
ing in color from garnet-red to yellowish brown; odorless; bitter and
slightly ferruginous taste; deliquescent in damp air; slightly acid reac-
tion. The U. S. P. gives two processes of assay, one for strychnine
and one for iron. Average dose, 0.125 ^'^- (2 gr-)- Made by adding
to a solution of citrate of iron and ammonium, citric acid and strych-
nine, and scaling.

FERRI ET AMMONII SULPHAS, U. S.— Ferric Ammonium

Sulphate. Fe(NH4)(S04)2. 12H2O; 478.69. {Ammonio-Ferric Sul-
phate. Ammonio-Ferric Alum.) — Should contain, in the uneffloresced
condition, 99.5 per cent, of pure Fer. Am. Sulph., and not less than
1 1.5 per cent, of metallic iron. Pale-violet, octahedral crystals, efflores-
cent on exposure to air; odorless; acid, styptic taste; slightly acid reac-
tion. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7^ gr.). Prepared by dissolving
sulphate of ammonium in solution of tersulphate of iron, evaporating
and crystallizing.

Fe^sSO, + (NH,)2SO, = 2FeNH,(SOj2.
Ferric Sulphate. Ammonium Ammonio-Ferric Sulphate.

Sulphate.

FERRIC H^-DROXIDE WITH MAGNESIUM OXIDE. 109

FERRI ET AMMONn TARTRAS, U. S.— Iron and Ammonium
Tartrate. {Ammonio-Ferric Tartrate.) — Should contain Fer. et Am.
Tart. corresj>onding in amount to not less than 13 per cent, of metallic
iron. Thin, transparent scales, varying in color from garnet-red to
yellow'ish brown, only slightly deliquescent; odorless; sweetish and
slightly ferruginous taste; neutral reaction. Prepared by dissolving
ferric hydrate in solution of acid ammonium tartrate, and scaling.
.\verage dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr).

FERRI ET POTASSn TARTRAS, U. S.— Iron and Potassium
Tartrate. (Potussio-Ferric Tartrate.) — Should contain P'er. et Pot.
Tart, corresponding in amount to not less than 15 per cent, of metallic
iron. Thin, transparent scales, varying in color from garnet-red to
reddish-bro\*Ti; odorless; sweetish, slightly ferruginous taste; slightly
deliquescent in the air. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.). Prepared
by adding to ferric hydrate acid potassium tartrate and a trace of water
of ammonia, and scaling.

'' Boule de Mars," an olive-shaped ball of Ferri et Potassii Tartras,
de>nsed by the French. When a mild chalybeate drink is required the
ball is suspended in a glass of water until the necessary quantity is dis-
solved to constitute a dose.

FERRI HYDROXIDUM, U. S.— Ferric Hydroxide. {Ferric
Hydrate. Hydrated Oxide of Iron.) — Fc(OH)3; 106.14. [Ferri Oxidum
Hydratum, Pharm. 1890.] — Frequently used as an antidote for arsenic,
and prefiarcd by adding water of ammonia to solution of ferric sul-
phate, collecting and washing the precipitate. The reaction is as follows:

Fe^SO, + 6NH,HO = 2Fc(HO)3 + 3(NH,)2SO,.

Ferric .Ammonium P'erric Ammonium

Sulphate. Hydroxide. Hydroxide. Sulphate.

The reaction occurs when it is used as an antidote as follows: —

4Fe(HO), -f- AsjO, = l^-e^CAsOJ^ + FeCHO), + 5H2O.
Frrrir Arsenic Ferrou.s P'errous \Vat;.r.

Hydroxide. Trioxide. Arsenate. Hydrate.

Hydrated oxide of iron should not be retained for any length of time
on hand, because it decomposes even when kept under water. The
ingredients, however, should always be ready for immediate use, weighed
out in suitable Ixittles, and kept in an accessible and well-known place,
rcarjy for instant use in case of emergency.

FERRI HYDROXIDUM CUM MAGNESII OXIDO, U. S.—
Ferric Hydroxide with Magnesium Oxide. [Ferri Oxidum Hydratum
rum .Magnesia, Pharm. 1H90.] (Arsenic Antidote.) — Solution of Ferric
Sulf.hatc 40 Cc; Magnesia 10 Gm.; Water, a sufficient ouantity. Mix
the solution of ferric sulphate with 125 Cc. of Water, and keep the liquid
in a large, well -stoppered bottle. Rub the Magnesium Oxide with cold
Water to a smooth and thin mixture, transfer this to a lK)ttle capable
of holding about 1000 Cc, and fill it with Water to about three-fourths
of its rafiadty. When the preparation is wanted for use .shake the
Magnesium Oxide mixture to a homogeneous, thin magma, add it gradu-
ally to the diluted solution of Ferric Sulphate, and shake them together

110 PHARMACY.

until a uniform, smooth mixture results. The two mixtures should
be kept on hand for immediate use. Average dose, arsenical antidote,
I20 Cc. (4 fl. oz.).

This preparation is to be preferred to the above as an antidote for
arsenic, as it is not necessary to wash the precipitate, and the reaction
that occurs leaves in solution sulphate of magnesium, which acts as a
cathartic and carries off the ferrous arsenate formed. The two mixtures
should always be kept on hand for immediate use. Average dose,
arsenical antidote, 120 Cc. (4 fl. oz.).

FERRI HYPOPHOSPHIS,U.S.— Ferric Hypophosphite. FeCPH^-
02)3 ; 24Q.09. — Should contain not less than 98 per cent, of pure Ferric
Hypophosphite. [(PHjO . 0)3Fe.] A white, or grayish-white powder;
odorless; nearly tasteless; permanent in the air. Average dose, 0.200
Gm. (3 gr.). Made by double decomposition between calcium hypo-
phosphite and ferrous sulphate. On evaporation, the resulting ferrous
hypophosphite is changed to ferric hypophosphite. This is one of the
hypophosphites recommended by Dr. Churchill in the treatment of
phthisis : —

Ca(H2P02)2 + Fe.SO, = CaSO, + FeiH.PO^),.

Calcium Ferrous Calcium Ferrous

Hypophosphite. Sulphate. Sulphate. Hypophosphite.

FERRI PHOSPHAS SOLUBILIS, U. S.— Soluble Ferric Phos-
phate.— ^Should contain Ferric Phosphate corresponding in amount
to not less than 12 per cent, of metallic iron. Thin, bright green, trans-
parent scales, permanent in dry air when excluded from light, but when
unprotected, soon becomes dark and discolored; odorless; acidulous,
slightly saline taste; slightly acid reaction. Average dose, 0.250 Gm.
(4 gr.). Prepared by mixing solution of citrate of iron and phosphate
of sodium, evaporating in scales.

This is not a definite chemical compound, but is sometimes termed
sodio-ferric citro-phosphate, and greatly resembles the official ferric
pyrophosphate. It is a scaled salt, and quite different from the insoluble
slate-colored powder of phosphate of iron, formerly official.

FERRI PYROPHOSPHAS SOLUBILIS, U. S.— Soluble Ferric
Pyrophosphate. — Thin, green, transparent scales; odorless; acidulous,
slightly saline taste; permanent in dry air when excluded from light,
but when unprotected, soon becomes discolored; slightly acid reaction.
Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.). Made by mixing solutions of citrate
of iron and pyrophosphate of sodium, evaporating in scales.

The compound is a mixture of several salts, and not a definite chemical
compound. It consists of sodio-ferric pyrophosphate, sodio-ferric citrate,
and ferric citrate. It differs from the salt official in 1870, which was an
insoluble ferric phosphate, Fe43P207, dissolved in solution of ammonium
citrate.

FERRI SULPHAS, U. S.— Ferrous Sulphate. FeS04+ 7H2O;
276.01. — Should contain not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure Ferrous
Sulphate, [SO2 . OjFe + 7H2O]; the crystals should not be effloresced.
Large, pale bluish-green, monoclinic prisms, efflorescent in dry air;

CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE. Ill

odorless; saline, styptic taste; acid reaction. Average dose, 0.200 Gm.
(3 gr)- Made by treating iron with diluted sulphuric acid, evaporating
and crj'stallizing: —

Fe, +

2H2SO4 =

= 2FeS04

+ 4H.

Iron.

Sulphuric

Ferrous

. Hydrogen.

Add.

Sulphate.

FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUS, U. S.— Dried Ferrous Sul-
phate.— A grayish-white powder prepared by exsiccating 100 Gm. of
frrrous sulphate at a temperature about 40° C. (104° F.), and still con-
taining about 15 per cent, water of crystallization; and then heating
on water-bath, constantly stirring, until the product weighs from 64 to
65 Gm. Powder, and bottle tightly. Three grains represent about
five grains of the cr)'stals. Average dose, 0.125 ^"^- (2 gr).

FERRI SULPHAS GRANULATUS, U. S.— Granulated Ferrous
Sulphate. [Ferri Sulphas Praecipitatus, Pharm. 1880.] FeS047H20;
276.01. — A ver\' pale bluish-green, crystalline powder, efflorescent in
dry air, but when in contact with moisture, becoming gradually oxidized;
odorless; saline, styptic taste; acid reaction. Made by precipitating an
aqueous solution of ferrous sulphate with alcohol. Average dose, 0.200
Gm. (3 gr.).

LIQUOR FERRI SUBSULPHATIS, U. S.— Solution of Ferric

Subsulphate. (Solution of Basic Ferric Sulphate. MonseVs Solution.)
— \n aqueous solution of variable chemical composition containing an
amount of basic ferric sulphate corresponding to not less than 13.57
per cent, of metallic iron. It is a dark reddi.sh-brown liquid; sp. gr.
1.548 at 25° C. (77° F.); odorless, or nearly .so; acid, strongly styptic
taste; acid reaction. Made by heating ferrous sulphate in a mixture
of sulphuric and nitric acid.

LIQUOR FERRI TERSULPHATIS, U. S.— Solution of Ferric
Sulphate. — An aqueous solution which should contain about 38 per
cent, of normal Ferric Sulphate, [Fe2(S02.02)3 = 39705], correspond-
ing to not less than 10 per cent, of metallic iron. It is a dark reddish-
brown liquid; sp. gr. about r.432 at 25° C. (77° F.); almost odorless;
acid, strongly styptic taste; acid reaction. Made by heating ferrous
sulphate in a mixture of nitric acid with excess of .sulphuric acid.

This solution differs frcjm the .solution of .subsulphate of iron merely
in containing a larger proportion of sulphuric acid. It is a solution of
the true persulphate Fe/SO,),, or normal ferric .sulphate. Solution of
persulphate of iron is the name under which Monsel's solution is errone-
ously prescribed. The latter is a solution of a subsalt, Fe40(S04)5.
The reaction is as follows: —

6FeSO« -»- ^H^SO^ + 2HNO, - 3Fe,3S04 4- 2NO + 4H3O.
Ferrom Sul|i^uric Nitric Ffrric Nitrogen Water.

SuJphate. Add. Acid. Sulphate. Dioxide.

CHROMIUM. Cr; 51.7.
CHROMII TRIOXIDUM.— Chromium Trioxide. CrO, = 99.34.
[Acidum Chromicum, Pharm. 1890.] {Chromic Acid. Chromic A nhy-

112 PHARMACY.

drid:) — It should contain not less than 90 per cent, of pure Chro-
mium Trioxide (chromic acid anhydride). Small, needle-shaped crys-
tals or rhombic prisms of a dark purplish-red color and a metallic
lustre; deliquescent in moist air, destructive to animal and vegetable
tissues; odorless. Made by decomposing potassium bichromate with
sulphuric acid.

KzCr^O^ + 2H2SO, = 2Cr03 + 2KHS04 + H^O.

Potassium Sulphuric Chromium Potassium Water.

Bichromate. .\cid. Trioxide. Acid Sulphate.

POTASSII DICHROMAS, U. S.— Potassium Dichromate. (See
under Potassium.)

NICKEL, COBALT, AND TIN.

Ni; 58.3- Co; 58.56. Sn; 118.1.
There are no official preparations of these metals. None of the unof-
ficial salts of cobalt are of pharmaceutical interest. Tin and nickel
are of great importance in the arts.

LEAD, COPPER, SILVER, AND MERCURY.

LEAD. Pb (Plumbum); 205.35.

Lead i^ obtained by roasting the native sulphide, Galena. It is a
heavy, soft, bluish metal, with a sp. gr. of 1 1.45.

Lead and its compounds are poisonous; and as this metal is used to
a large extent in the manufacture of water-pipes, the effect of water on
lead is of interest. Pure water is a solvent of lead to a certain extent,
owing to the formation of a slightly soluble hydroxide or carbonate.
The purer the water the more dangerous it is in this way. If traces of
sulphates or chlorides be present in the water, however, an insoluble
coating is formed on the surface of the metal, which protects it from
further decomposition.

PLUMBI ACETAS, U. S.— Lead Acetate. Pb(CjH30j)2 + 3HjO;
376.15. {Sugar oj Lead.) — Should contain not less than 99.5 per cent,
of pure Lead Acetate, [(CH3 . COO)2Pb + 3H2O]. Colorless, shining,
transparent, monoclinic prisms or plates, or heavy, white, crystalline
masses, or in granular crystals, faintly acetous color; sweetish, astringent,
afterward metallic taste. Efflorescent, and absorbing carbon dioxide,
on exposure to the air. Average dose, 0.065 Gn^- (i gr.)- Made by
heating lead oxide with acetic acid, evaporating and crystallizing: —

PbO + 2HC2H3O2 = Pb(QH302)2 + H2O.

Lead Oxide. Acetic Acid. Lead Acetate. Water.

The commercial salt is unfit for use, because it usually contains car-
bonate and oxide of lead.

LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS, U. S.— Solution of Lead
Subacetate. (Goulard's Extract.) — An aqueous liquid, which should
contain in solution not less than 25 per cent, of Lead Subacetate (ap-
proximately Pb20(CH2C002)2; 543- 74)- It is a clear, colorless liquid;

COPPER SULPHATE. 113

odorless; having a sweetish, astringent taste and an alkaline reaction;
sp. gr. 1.235 at 25° C. (77° ¥.). Made by boiling solution of lead acetate
with lead o.xidc.

The subacetate is not a definite salt, but as found in official solutions
it is a mi.xturc of o.xvacetatcs, produced by boiling the normal acetate in
water in contact with the oxide. The following reaction occurs: —

3PbO + 3Pb(C,H30,), -
Lead Oxide. Lead Acetate.

Pb,0(C,H,0,), 4- Pb302(C^30,),.

Lead Oxyacetates.

LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS DILUTUS, U. S.— Diluted
Solution of Lead Subacetate. {Lead-Water.) — Made by diluting
40 Cc. of solution of subacetate of lead with sufficient distilled water
to make 1000 Cc.

The opalescence of lead-water is due to the formation of a trace of
carbonate if the distilled water used has not been recently freed from
carbonic acid gas by boiling and cooling it. A few drops of acetic acid
will clear it, however; but it should be dispensed opalescent, to distin-
guish it from lime-water, for which it has often been mistaken, with
serious results.

PLUMBI lODIDUM, U. S.— Lead Iodide. Pblj; 457i5- Should
contain not less than 99 per cent, of pure Lead Iodide. A heavy, bright
yellow powder, odorless; tasteless; permanent in the air. Made by
double decomposition between lead nitrate and potassium iodide: —

2KI + Pb2NO, = Pblj + 2KNO3.
Potassium Lead Lead Potas.sium

Iodide. Nitrate. Iodide. Nitrate.

PLUMBI NITRAS, U. S.— Lead Nitrate. Pb(N03)2; 328.49 —
Should contain not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure Lead Nitrate
[(NO, . 0),Pb]. Colorless, tiansparent, cKtahedral crystals, when ob-
tained by the sfK)ntaneous evajioration of cold solutions; odorless;
sweetish, astringent, afterward metallic, taste; permanent in the air.
Made by treating lead oxide with diluted nitric acid, evaporating and
crvstallizing.

PLUMBI OXIDUM, U. S.— Lead Oxide. PbO; 221.23. f^^'^'-
arge.) — Should contain not less than 96 per tent, of pure Lead Oxide.
A heavy, yellowish or reddi.sh-yellow |)owder or minute .scales. Odor-
less; tasteless. On exposure to the air it slowly absorbs moisture and
carbon dioxide. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7^ gr.). Made by roasting
lead ore.

Red Lead b a higher oxide. PbjO^. Made by sprinkling hot litharge
with water, powdering, drying and heating out of contact with air.

COPPKR. Cu; 63.1.
CUPRI SULPHAS, U. S.- Copper Sulphate. {Cupric Sulphate.)
CUSO4-I- 511,0; 247.85.— .Should (ontain not less than 99.5 i)er cent.
of pure Copper Sulphate, [SO, . 0,Cu + sH,0]. Large, transparent,
9

114 PHARMACY.

deep-blue, triclinic cr>'stals; slowly efflorescent in dry air; odorless;
nauseous, metallic taste. Average dose, Astringent, o.oio Gm. (^ gr.);
Emetic, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.). Commonly called blue vitriol. Made by
treating copper with diluted sulphuric acid, evaporating the solution,
and crystallizing.

SILVER. Ag; 107.12. '
A brilliant white metal, very malleable and ductile, having a specific
gravity of 10.4 to 10.5.

ARGENTI CYANIDUM, U. S.— Silver Cyanide. AgCN; 132.96.
— Should contain not less than 99.9 per cent, of pure Silver Cyanide,
corresponding to 80.48 per cent, of metallic silver. A white powder,
without odor or taste, permanent in dry air, but gradually turning brown
by exposure to light. Made by passing hydrocyanic gas into solution
of silver nitrate, or by mixing solutions of silver nitrate with potassium
cyanide : —

AgNOj + KCN = AgCN + KNO3.
Silver Potassium Suver Potassium

Nitrate. Cyanide. Cyanide. Nitrate.

ARGENTI NITRAS, U. S.— Silver Nitrate. AgNOj; 168.69.—
Should contain not less than 99.9 per cent, of pure Silver Nitrate. Color-
less, transparent, tabular, rhombic crystals, becoming gray or grayish-
black on exposure to light in the presence of organic matter; odorless;
bitter, caustic, and strongly metallic taste; neutral reaction. Made by
treating metallic silver with nitric acid, evaporating and crystallizing: —

Ag3 + 4HNO3 = 3AgN03 + NO -f 2H2O.
Silver. Nitric Acid. Silver Nitrate. Nitrogen Water.

Monoxide.

ARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS, U. S.— Moulded Silver Nitrate.

(Lunar Caustic. Toughened Caustic.) — Should contain not less than
94.8 per cent, of pure Silver Nitrate. Made by fusing and moulding
silver nitrate in the form of points or cones. The description applied to
mitigated caustic answers for the fused nitrate except the fracture of the
latter is fibrous instead of granular. The official process calls for a
small portion of HCl, which is added to give greater toughness to the
pencils.

ARGENTI NITRAS MITIGATUS, U. S.— Mitigated Silver
Nitrate. (Mitigated Caustic. Diluted Silver Nitrate.) [Argenti Nitras
Dilutus, Pharm. 1890.] — Should contain not less than ^^.^ per cent, of
pure Silver Nitrate. A white, hard solid, generally in form of pencils
or cones of a finely granular fracture, becoming gray, or grayish-black
on exposure to light in presence of organic matter. Odorless, having
a caustic, metallic taste and a neutral reaction. Made by melting
together one part of nitrate of silver and two of nitrate of potassium, and
moulding.

ARGENTI OXIDUM, U. S. — Silver Oxide. Ag^O; 230.12.—
Should contain 99.8 per cent, of pure Silver Oxide, corresponding to
not less than 92.9 per cent, of pure metallic silver. Should not be trit-
urated with readily oxidizable or combustible substances, and should

MILD MERCUROUS CHLORIDE. 115

not be brought in contact with ammonia. A heavy, dark brownish
black powder, liable to reduction by exposure to light; odorless; me-
tallic taste. Average dose, 0.065 Gm. ( I g^.). Made by precipitating
solution of silver nitrate with solution of potassium hydro.xide : —

aAgXO,

+ 2KHO =

= AgjO +
Silver

2KNO3 +

H2O.

Sa\-er Xitralc.

Potassium

Potassium

Water.

H>-droxide.

Oxide.

Nitrate.

MKRCURV. Hg; 198.5.

HYDRARGYRUM, U. S.— Mercury. Hg; 198.5. (Quicksilver.)
— .\ shining, silver-white metal; odorless and tasteless; liquid at ordinary
temperatures, containing not less than 99.9 per cent, of pure metallic
mercury.

Mercury may be purified from mechanical impurities by squeezing
it through chamois, or by distillation with HCl, after which the HCl
is washed out with distilled water, and the mercury dried by the aid of
filtering paper and a water-bath.

HYDRARGYRUM AMMONIATUM, U. S.— Ammoniated Mer-
cury. HgXH^Cl = 249.61. {White Precipitate. Mercuric Ammonium
Chloride.) — It should contain not less than 78 per cent, and not more
than 80 per cent, of metallic mercury. White, pulverulent pieces, or a
white, amorjihous powder, permanent in the air; odorless, and
ha\ing an earthy, afterward styptic 'and metallic taste. Made by pre-
cipitating solution of mercuric chloride with water of ammonia: —

HgCl, + 2NH,HO = NH.Cl + NH^HgCl -I- 2H2O.
Mercuric Water of Ammonium Mercurammonium Water.

Chloride. Ammonia. Chloride. Chloride.

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM, U. S.— Cor-
rosive Mercuric Chloride. — HgCijI 264.86. (Corrosive Sublimate.
.Mercuric Chloride.) — .Should contain not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure
Mercuric Chloride. Heavy, colorless, rhombic crystals, or crystalline
mas.scs, permanent in the air; odorless; acrid and persistent metallic
taste. Average dose, 0.003 Gm. (^ gr.). Made by subliming mercuric
sulphate with stxlium chloride.

The mercuric sulphate is formed by Ijoiling Hg with H2SO4: —

2HySO, + Hg - HgSO, -f SOj -f 2H2O.
Sulphuric Mercury. Mercuric Sulphurous Water.

Acid. Sulphate. Add.

This is mixed with NaGl and sublimed. The following reaction oc-
curs. Sodium sulphate remains behind: —

HgSO^ -i- (NaCl), - Na,SO« + HgCIj.
Mercuric Sodium Sooium Mercuric

Sulphate. Chloride. Sulphate. Chloride.

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE, U. S.— Mild Mercurous
Chloride. Hg(*l; 233.^- (Calomel. Mercurous Chloride. Proto-
chlorifk oj Mercury. Subchloridc 0} Mercury.) — Should ( ontain nf)t less
than (x^5 pc" t<*nl- ^>^ P"''^ Mercunms ('hloridc. .\ white, impalpable
powder, becoming ycUowish-whitc on being triturated with strong prcs-

116 PHARMACY.

sure and showing only small, isolated crystals when viewed under a
lens having a magnifying power of one hundred diameters; permanent
in the air; odorless and tasteless. Average dose, Laxative, 0.125 Gm.
(2 gr.); Alterative, 0.065 Gm. (i gr.). Prepared by subliming mer-
curic sulphate and mercury with sodium chloride.

In preparing calomel, mercuric sulphate is formed in the same manner
as in the preparation of corrosive sublimate; this is then triturated with
a quantity of mercury equal to that used in forming it, thus producing
mercurous sulphate, which is then sublimed with sodium chloride.
Sodium sulphate remains behind : —

2H2SO, + Hg = HgSO^ + SO3 + 2H20.
Sulphuric Mercury. Mercuric Sulphur Water.

Acid. Sulphate. Dioxide.

HgSO, + Hg = Hg,SO«.
Mercuric Mercury. Mercurous

Sulphate. Sulphate.

Hg2S04 + 2NaCl = HgjClj + Na^SO^.

Mercurous Sodium Mercurous Sodium

Sulphate. Chloride. Chloride. Sulphate.

HYDRARGYRI lODIDUM FLAVUM, U. S.— Yellow Mercur-
ous Iodide. Hgl; 324.40. [Hydrargyri lodidum Viridc, Pharm.
1880.] {Protiodide of Mercury. Yelloic (or Green) Iodide oj Mercury.)
— It should contain not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure Mercurous
Iodide. Bright, yellow amorphous powder. Odorless and tasteless.
By exposifre to the light it becomes darker, in proportion as it undergoes
decomposition into metallic mercur>' and mercuric iodide. Average
dose, 0.0 10 Gm. (1 gr.). To make, first prepare crystals of mercurous
nitrate. Dissolve the crystals in solution HNO3. Now make solution
KI and fX)ur it into the solution Mercurous Nitrate. Wash the precipi-
tate by 10 decantations. Dry in dark.

HYDRARGYRI lODIDUM RUBRUM, U. S.— Red Mercuric
Iodide. Hglj; 450.30. (Biuwdide 0} Mercury. Red Iodide 0} Mer-
cury.)— A scarlet-red, amorphous powder, permanent in the air; odorless
and tasteless. Average dose, 0.003 Gm. {4^ gr.). Made by double
decomposition between mercuric chloride and potassium iodide : —

HgClj + 2KI =

Hglj -f 2KCI.

Mercuric Potassium

Mercuric Potassium

Chloride. Iodide.

Iodide. Chloride.

HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM FLAVUM, U. S.— Yellow Merc-iric
Oxide. HgO; 214.38. — A light orange-yellow, heavy, impalpable pow-
der, permanent in the air and turning darker on exposure to light and
containing not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure Yellow Mercuric Oxide,
made by double decomposition between Mercuric Chloride and Sodium
Hydroxide.

HgClj -1- 2NaHO = HgO + 2Ka + HjO.

Mercuric Sodium Mercuric Sodium Water.

Chloride. Hydroxide. Oxide. Choride.

HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM RUBRUM, U. S.— Red Mercuric
Oxide. HgO; 214.38. {Red Precipitate.) — Should contain not less

ARSENOUS IODIDE. 117

than 99.5 per cent, of pure Red Mercuric O.xide. Heavy, orange-red,
cr\stalline scales, or a cr>'staliine powder, becoming more yellow the
finer it Is divided, permanent in the air; odorless, with somewhat metallic
taste. Made by decomposing mercuric nitrate by heat : —

aHg(NO,),

=

2HgO -1- 4NOj + O2.

Mercuric

Mercuric Nitrogen Oxygen.

Nitrate.

Oxide Dioxide.

ANTIMONY, ARSENIC AND BISMUTH.

.\NTIMONY (STIBIUM). Sb; 119.3.

ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTRAS, U. S.— Antimony and
Potassium Tartrate. 2K(SbO)C4H^O„+ H20= 659.80. {Tartar
Emetic. Tartarated Antimony.) — It should contain not less than 99.5
per cent, of pure .\ntimonv and Potassium Tartrate, [2C2H2(OH)2-
(COOK)COO.SbO -f 2H2O].' Colorless, transparent crystals of the
rhombic system, becoming opaque and white on exposure to air, or a
white, granular powder; without odor; sweet, afterward disagreeable
metallic taste; feebly acid reaction. Average dose. Expectorant, 0.005
Gm. (^5 gr.); Emetic, 0.030 Gm. {\ gr.). Made by boiling antimonous
oxide and acid potassium tartrate together with water, evaporating
and cr}'stallizing: —

2KHC«H«0. + SbjO, = 2KSbOC,H,Oe + H2O.
.\dd Potassium Antimonous Antimony Potassium Water.

Tartrate. Oxide. Tartrate,

.ARSENIC. As; 74.4.

ARSENI TRIOXIDUM, U.S.— Arsenic Trioiide. AS2O3; 196.44.
[.\cidum Arsenosum, Pharm. 1890.] (Arsenous Acid. Arsenous Anhy-
dride. Arsenous Oxide. White Arsenic.) — Should contain not less than
99.8 f>er cent, of pure .\rsenic Trioxide. A heavy soHd, occurring either
as an opaque white fK)wder, or in irregular masses of two varieties:
one, amoqjhous, trans[>arent and colorless, like glass; the other, crys-
talline, o[)ac|ue, and white, resembling j>ortelain. I'rctjuently the
same piece has an opaque, white outer crust enclosing the glassy
variety. Contact with moist air gradually changes the glassy into
the white, opaque variety. Both are txlorless and tasteless. Average
dose, 0.002 Gm. (3^ gr.). Prepared by roasting arsenical ores, and
resubliming the .sublimate.

The oxide f AsjO,) Ix-iomes an at id (IIjAsO,) when added to water.

ARSENI lODIDUM, U. S.— Arsenous Iodide. Asl,; 452.10.
{Arsenic Iodide.) — Should (ontain not less than 82.7 percent, of Iodine,
and 16.3 f>er cent, of Metallic Arsenic. An orange-rerl, inodorous,
CTAstalline powder, stable when protected from rlirci t sunlight and
kept in a co<il place. Average dose, 0.005 Gm, (j'j \lt.). Made by
fusing I per cent, of arsenic and 5 per cent, of iodine together.

118 PHARMACY.

BISMUTH. Bi; 206.9.

BISMUTHI CITRAS, U. S. — Bismuth Citrate. BiCeHgO,;

394.52. — Should yield not less than 56 per cent., nor more than 58 per
cent., of pure bismuth oxide. A white amorphous powder; odorless
and tasteless. Average dose, 0.125 ^^- (2 gf-)- Prepared by boiling
bismuth subnitrate with citric acid and water, and adding distilled water
to the clear solution. The reaction is as follows : —

BiON03.H30 + HjCeHjO; = BiQHsO, + HNO3 + 2H2O.
Bismuth Subnitrate. Citric Acid. Bismuth Citrate. Nitric Acid. Water.

BISMUTHI ET AMMONII CITRAS, U. S.— Bismuth and Am-
monium Citrate. — Should yield not less than 46 per cent., nor more
than 58 per cent., of pure bismuth oxide. Shining, pearly or trans-
lucent scales ; odorless, having a metallic taste, and becoming opaque
with loss of ammonia on exposure to air. Made by dissolving bismuth
citrate in water of ammonia, evaporating the solution, and scaling.
Average dose, 0.125 ^^' (2 gr-)-

BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS, U. S.— Bismuth Subcarbonate.—
Should yield not less than 90 per cent, of pure Bismuth Oxide. A white,
or pale yellowish-white powder, permanent in the air; odorless and
tasteless. Made by dissolving bismuth in nitric acid, purifying, and pre-
cipitating by adding solution of sodium carbonate. Average dose, 0.500
Gm. (7^gr.).

BISMUTHI SUBGALLAS, U. S.— Bismuth Subgallate. (Dermatol.)
■ — Should yield not less than 52 per cent., nor more than 57 per cent., of
pure bismuth oxide. An amorphous, bright yellow powder, somewhat
variable in chemical composition, without odor or taste, and perma-
nent in the air. Made by dissolving the subnitrate in diluted acetic
acid and precipitating with gallic acid, or by Thibault's process, which
consists of triturating the trioxide with water, adding excess of gallic
acid, triturating until greenish-yellow, and, after standing 24 hours,
washing with water, and drying. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS, U. S.— Bismuth Subnitrate.— Should
yield not less than 80 per cent, of pure bismuth oxide. A white powder,
of somewhat varying chemical composition, colorless and almost taste-
less, and permanent in the air. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7 J
gr.). Prepared by dissolving bismuth in nitric acid, purifying and
adding the solution, in nitric acid, to water. The reactions are as
follows : —

Bi^ + 8HNO3 = 2Bi(N03)3 -+- 4H2O + 2NO.

Bismuth. Nitric Bismuth Water. Nitrogen

Acid. Nitrate. Monoxide,
then —

5Bi(N03)3 4- 8H2O = 4BiON03.H20 -|- Bi(N03)3 + 8HNO3.
Bismuth Water. Bismuth Bismuth Nitric

Nitrate. Subnitrate. Nitrate. Acid.

BISMUTH SUBSALICYLAS, U. S.— Bismuth Subsalicylate.—

Should yield not less than 62 nor more than 66 per cent, of pure bis-

GOLD AND SODIUM CHLORIDE. 119

muth oxide. A white, or nearly white, amorphous or crystalline pow-
der, odorless, tasteless, and permanent in the air. Average dose, 0.250
Gm. (4 gr.). Made by Thibault's process: A solution of bismuth
nitrate in HNO, is ppt. with sod. hydrox. and boiled, thus transformed
into yellow cr\st. anhyd. oxide. To this is then added a solution of
salicylic acid, and, when all the crystals of the oxide disappear, it is
washed with cold alcohol, and dried.

GOLD AND PLATINUM.

Au; IQS.7- r*t; iQ.^.,^-

AURI ET SODII CHLORIDUM, U. S.— Gold and Sodium
Chloride. — .\ mi.xture of equat parts, by weight, of anhydrous Gold
Chloride, [AuCIj = 301.24], and anhydrous Sodium Chloride, [NaCl =
58.06], representing not less than 30 per cent, of metallic gold. An
orange-yellow powder, odorless, deliquescent in damp air; saline,
• !lic taste. Average dose, 0.005 Cim. (y'^ gr.). Made by
\ing gold in nitrohydrochloric acid, evaporating to dryness,
>'>.i^iung, and dissolving in eight times its weight of distilled water.
Pure decrepitated common salt, equal in weight to the dry chloride, is
then added, previously di.ssolved in four parts of water. The mixture
is then evaporated to dryness, with constant stirring.

TEST-SOLUTION OF PLATINIC CHLORIDE.— 2.6 Gm. of chlo-
roplatinic acid, HjPtCl, + 6H2O, in 20 Cc. of water.

120 PHARMACY.

PART IV.

PREPARATIONS OF THE ORGANIC
MATERIA MEDICA.

Organic Chemistry : The science of the carbon compounds.

The following pages treat of both official and non-official organic
substances, and the former may be distinguished from the latter by
the letters U. S. following the official names.

THE CELLULOSE GROUP.

CELLULOSE. CeHioOg.

Cellulose : The woody fibre of plants, forming the skeleton for the
vegetable tissues. It is seen in the pure condition in raw cotton, the
hairs of the seed of the cotton plant, and in many vegetable products.
It is white, translucent, unalterable in the air; sp. gr. 1.5; insoluble in
all the usual solvents, but soluble in ammoniacal solution of oxide of
copper; converted into dextrin by treating with strong sulphuric or
phosphoric acid, and, further, converted into glucose if the mixture be
diluted with water and heated.

Lignin : The substances which are found adhering to the cellulin
skeleton of plants and vegetable tissues.

Parchment paper : Cellulose, in the form of unsized paper, after
treatment with a mixture consisting of 2 parts HjSO^, sp. gr. 1.840,
and I part HjO, by measure, cooled to 15° C. (59° F.) and washing
in dilute NH^HO.

For what parchment paper is used in pharmacy : As a septum
for dialysis.

Important principle in pharmacy owing to the insolubility of
cellulose in ordinary solvents : As cellulose forms the bulk of inert
matter in plants, and is insoluble in ordinary solvents, active principles
soluble in such solvents can be readily separated from it. Such a solvent
is known as a menstruum (pi. menstrua).

GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM, U. S.— Purified Cotton. [Gos-
sypium, Pharm. 1880.] {Absorbent Cotton.) — The hairs of the seeds
of Gossypium Herbaceum or of other cultivated species of Gossypium
(Fam. Malvacece), freed from adhering impurities, and deprived of
fatty matter by boiling it in a weak alkaline solution, rinsing it

THE CELLULOSE CROIT.

121

in a weak solution of chlorinated lime, to whiten it, clipping it in a very
dilute solution of HCl, washing with cold water, drying, and carding.
The loss is about lo per cent.

PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE DECOMPOSITION OF
CELLULOSE.

PYROXYLINUM, U. S.— Pyroxylin. (Soluble Gun-Cotton.)—\
\CT\ inflanimahle, slightly explosive substance, resembling cotton,
formed by acting on cotton i Gni. with nitric acid 14 Cc. and sul-
phuric acid 22 Cc. until a portion taken out is found soluble in a
mixture consisting of i per cent. Alcohol, 3 per cent. Ether (by vol-
ume), after which it is washed and dried.

It belongs to a series of closely related nitro-compounds, in which the
nitric acid radical replaces the hydroxyl of the cellulose formula. This
may be shown by taking the double formula, for cellulose, CijHjoOio,
and the displacement of the HO, thus: —

6HN05

Nitric Add.

+

%."]£:«

= C.3H.,0,(N0,)e

Cellulose-hexanitrate.

+

6H,0.
Water.

5HNO,
.Nitric .\cid.

+

^d&o2!°

= C,,H,0,(N03),
Cellulose- pentanitrate.

+

5H,0.
Water.

4H\0,
Nitric .\dd.

+

""^Z-

= C„H,eO,.(N03),
Cellulose-tetranilrate.

+

4H2O.
Water.

^^"\^'d
Nitnc Aad.

-f-

""^^di-

= C,3H„0,(N03)3

Cellulose-trinitrate.

-f

.11,0.
XVater.

2HNO,
Nitric Aad.

-1-

""elC'^

= C.3H.,0 (N03)3

Cellulose-dinitrate.

+

2H,0.
Water.

The soluble pyroxylin used in preparing collodion is a var>'ing mixture
of the di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentanitrates, but mainly tetranitrate. The
hexanitrate Is a true explosive gun-cotton, and is in.soluble in ether,
alcohol and water.

Celluloid. — .\ .substance made from pyroxylin, camphor and coloring
matter heated together and pt)werfully pressed into apj)roj)riate moulds.

Pyroxylin was once extensively employed by [)hotograi)h('rs for pro-
ducing the basis of the .sensitized film upon which impressions are made.
It is now replaced to a great extent by gelatin.

Pharmaceutically pvroxvlin is used in colknlion. (See Collodia, Part
H.)

ACIDUM OXALICUM.- Oxalic Acid. HjC,04 4-2H5,0; l25.IO.—
S'm.)ll, colorless, j>rismatic cr\'stals; cxlorless, and with a very sour taste.
M.ulc by acting on cellulin, .sugar, or starch, with nitric acid; but pre-
lum d on a commcn iai .scale by heating .sawdust with a mixture of two
molecules caustic .scxia and one molecule caustic [)otash. The gray mass
resulting is washed with Na,CO,, whereby the iK)tash is removed as car-
bonate, and the less .soluble .srKlium oxalate remains. This is converted
into calcium oxalate by milk of lime, and then decomposed with HjSO*,
and purified by recrystallization.

122 PHARMACY,

PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE DESTRUCTIVE DIS-
TILLATION OF CELLULOSE AND LIGNIN.

When wood is distilled in close vessels without air several solid,
liquid, and gaseous products are formed, of which the principal ones
are the following: —

Solid. — Charcoal, inorganic salts, etc. Liquids. — i. Aqueous liquid,
containing acetic, formic, butyric, crotonic, capronic, propionic acids,
acetone, methylic alcohol, fur jural, methylatnine, pyrocatechin, and small
quantities of empyreumatic oils and resins. 2. Tarry liquid, containing
toluol, xylol, cumol, methol, mesitylene, pseudocumol, phenol, cresol,
guaiacol, creasol, phlorol, and methylcreasol, naphthalene, paraf.n,
Pyrene, chrysene, reteyie, mesit. Gases. — Carbon dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, marsh gas, acetylene, ethylene, propene, and others.

The most important of these : Charcoal, tar, acetic acid, acetone,
methylic alcohol, and creosote.

ACIDUM ACETICUM, U. S.— Acetic Acid. CH3COOH = 59.58.
— A clear, colorless liquid, having a strong vinegar-like odor, purely acid
taste, strongly acid reaction, composed of not less than 36 per cent,
absolute acetic acid and about 64 per cent, water. Obtained by the
oxidation of ethyl alcohol or by the destructive distillation of wood.

Acetic acid is also made by distilling vinegar, which, in turn, is made
by oxidizing dilute alcoholic liquids. In Ciermany it is made by oxidizing
alcohol, by pouring a very dilute alcoholic solution on l)eechwood shav-
ings, which exposes a large surface to the air.

Two strengths of acetic acid found in commerce :^ The official
acid and No. 8 acid. The former has a sp. gr. of about 1.045; ^'^^
latter 1.037, ^"^ is 20 per cent, weaker. It is called No. 8 acid because
it was formerly used in the proportion of i to 8 to make dilute acetic
acid or distilled vinegar.

ACIDUM ACETICUM DILUTUM, U. S.— Diluted Acetic Acid.
■ — The liquid used as the menstruum for the official vinegars, containing
not less than 6 per cent, absolute [CH3COOH]; sp. gr. 1.008. Made by
diluting 100 Gm. acetic acid with 500 Gm. distilled water, to make
600 Gm. Sp. gr. about 1.009 at 25° C. (77° P.). Average dose 2 Cc.
(30 "I)-

ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACLALE, U. S.— Glacial Acetic Acid.
CH3COOH == 59.58. — A clear, colorless liquid, of a strong, vinegar-like
odor, and a very pungent, purely acid taste. Somewhat below 15° C.
(59° F.), a crystalHne solid. Made by heating sodium acetate until
the water of crystallization has been driven off, powdering the residue,
and distilling it with concentrated sulphuric acid. The reaction is as
follows : —

^aC^HgO^

+ H2SO4 =

= HCHgOj

+

NaHSO,.

Sodium

Sulphuric

Glacial

Acid Sodium

Acetate.

Acid.

Acetic Acid.

Sulphate.

ACIDUM TRICHLORACETICUM, U. S.— Trichloracetic Acid.—

HC2H3O2 = 162.12. A monobasic organic acid, [CCI3.COOH], usu-

THE CELLULOSE CROUP. 123

ally obtained by the oxidation of hydrated chloral with fuming nitric acid.
White, deliquescent, rhonibohedral crystals, having a slight character-
istic odor.

ACETONUM, U. S.— Acetone.— A liquid containing not less than
P9 per rent, by weight of absolute acetone, [Dimethyl-kctone, CH3-
CO . CHj = 57.61]. It should be kept in well-closed vessels, in a cool
place, remote from lights or fire. A transparent, colorless, mobile and
volatile liquid of a characteristic etheric odor and a pungent, sweeti.sh
taste. Sp. gr.: about 0,790 at 25° C. (77° F.). Miscible with water in
all proportions, without cloudiness; also miscible with alcohol, ether,
chloroform, and volatile oils. May be made by distiUing drj' calcium
acetate at 290° C. (554° F.).

PIX LIQUIDA, U. S.— Tar.— A product obtained by the destructive
distillation of the wtMKlof Piitiis puluslris and of other species of pinus
(Fam. Pinacerr). It is asually obtained as a by-product in the manu-
facture of charcoal or acetic acid. Semiliquid, viscid, blackish-brown,
non-cn»'stalline, translucent in thin layers, becoming granular and opaque
with age; odor empyreumatic, terebinthinate; taste sharp and empy-
reumatic. Average dose, 0.500 Om. (7^ gr.).

Official Preparations. — Syrupus Picis Liquida?, Unguentum Picis
Liquidaj.

OLEUM PICIS LIQUIDAE, U. S.— Oil of Tar.— An almost color-
less liquid, distilled from tar, soon a((|uiring a dark, reddish-brown color
when expxJsed to the air; having a strong, tarry odor and taste; sp. gr.
afxmt 0.965.

Black Pitch. — The residue left after the distillation of tar.

OLEUM CADmUM, U. S.— Oil of Cade. {Oil of Juniper Tar.
Oleum Juniperi Empyreumaticum.) — A product of the dry distillation of
the wtxxi ()i Juniperus Oxycedrus. A brownish or dark brown, clear,
thick liquid, having a tarry (xlor and a somewnat burning taste,

CREOSOTUM, U. S.- Creosote.— A mixture of phenols and phenol
derivatives, chiefly guaiacol and cre.sol, obtained during the distillation
of wood-tar, preferably of that derived from the bush, Fagus silvatica
or Fagus ferruginea (Fam. Fagacetr). An almost colorless, yellowish
(not pinki.sh), highly refractive, oily liquid; jienetrating, .smoky cnlor;
burning, caustic taste. It shoul<l not Ixcome brown in color on ex-
fK>sure to light. Sp, gr. not below 1.072 at 25° (', (77° F,),

Creos*ite consists mainly of the following phenols: guaiacol or o.vy-
cresol, r.H,0„ lx>iling at' 200° C, (392** F.); creosol, C'hH,oC)„ l>oiling
at 21 7** ('. (422.6° F.); melhylcreosol, (',11,/),. lx)iling at 214° ('. (417''
F.) to 218OC. (424.4° F,); phlorol,i\\\,oO, Ixniing at 219° C. (426.2° F.).

When wood tar Ls distilled, a solution of several layers Is formed. The
lower, oily layer is treated with KjCO,, to neutralize the acid present.
Fractional distillation, with alternate treatment of the distillate with
H,.Sr\ and KHO, to separate impurities, and final distillation, yields
the prfKluct called creosote, which comes over Ix'tween 205° and 220°
C. (401 "and 428° F.),

Nearly all of the liquid sold for creosote in the market is impure carbolic

124 PHARMACY,

acid or coal tar creosote. It is distinguished from true wood creosote by
the tests for identity given in the U. S. Pharm., 8th rev.

Official Preparation. — Aqua Creosoti.

GUAIACOL, U. S.— Guaiacol. QH^Oz = 123.13.— One of the
chief constituents [C2H4(OH)(OCH3)i : 2] of creosote, the product
from beechwood tar, obtained by collecting and purifying the fraction
of creosote, boiling between 200° and 205° C. (392° and 401° F.); or
prepared synthetically from either catechol by methylating, or from
ortho-anisidin by diazotizing and boiling. A colorless, crystalline solid,
melting at 28.5° C. (83.3° F.), or a colorless refractive liquid, boiling at
205° C. (401° F.), having an agreeable, aromatic odor. Average dose, 0.5
Cc. (8 vci).

GUAIACOLIS CARBONAS, U. S. — Guaiacol Carbonate.
(DuotaJ.) (€71170)2003 = 272.05.— A guaiacol derivative, [(Cf,H^-
(00113)0)2 . CO], obtained by the action of carbonyl chloride upon
sodium-guaiacolate. White, crystalline powder of neutral reaction,
almost tasteless and odorless. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr,).

PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE NATURAL DECOM-
POSITION OF CELLULIN AND LIGNIN AND
THEIR DERIVATIVES.

Coal. — A fossil formation found in the earth, formed by the decomposi-
tion of cellslin, lignin, etc., under the changing influence of moisture,
temperature, and pressure.

Coal Tar. — A residue left after the dry distillation of bituminous coal
in the process of making illuminating gas. It consists of a large number
of products in the forms of solids, liquids, and gases, a number of which
form very valuable products in the arts.

NAPHTHALENUM, U. S.— Naphthalene. C.oHs; 127.10,
[Naphthalinum, Pharm. 1890.] {Naphtalin. Naphthalin.) A hydro-
carbon obtained from coal-tar and purified by crystallization. Color-
less, shining, transparent laminae, slowly volatilized on exposure to air;
by exposure to light acquiring a brownish color; strong, characteristic
odor resembling that of coal-tar; burning, aromatic taste. May be
obtained by subjecting coal-tar to distillation, when it passes over after
the coal naphtha. Frequently produced by dry distillation of organic
bodies. Also known as coal-tar camphor^ and employed to prevent
the ravages of moths in woolen clothing.

BETANAPHTHOL, U. S.— Betanaphthol. CioHyOH = 142.98.—
[Naphtol, Pharm. 1890.] A monatomic phenol occurring in coal-tar,
but usually prepared from naphtalin. Colorless, or pale bufl-colored,
shining, crystalline laminae, or a white, or yellowish-white, crystalline
powder, having a faint phenol-like odor and a sharp and pungent, but
not persistent taste. Permanent in the air. When naphthalene is di-
gested with fuming HgSO^, two acids may be obtained; at a temperature
of 80° to 90° C. (176° to 194° F.) aJphnapthalene sulphonic acid is
chiefly formed, but at 200° C. (392° F.) the beta variety is the principal

THE CELLULOSE GROUP. 125

product. When the beta acid is fused with an alkali hydroxide and
HCI added, the bclanapthol is liberated.

CRESOL, U S. — Cresol. QH^ . OH = 107.25. — A mixture,
[C,H«(CHj).OH], of the three isomeric Cresols obtained from coal-
tar, freed frtim phenol, hydrocarbons and water. Cresol, or crcsylic
acid, is an important constituent of coal-tar. It consists of a mixture
of three isomers e.\isting in the coal-tar approximately in the proportion
of 40 j)er cent, of metacresol, 35 per cent, of orthocresol, and 25 per cent.
of paracrfsol. As cresol has a higher boiling-point than phenol, it is
separated from it by fractional distillation.

LIQUOR CRESOLIS COMPOSITUS, U. S.— Compound Solution
of Cresol. — .\n antiseptic preparation closely resembling lysol, creolin,
soiirol, and solutol. Made by dissolving 50 Gm. of Potassium hydroxide
in water, adding 350 Gm. of linseed oil, mixing thoroughly, adding 500
Cm. of Cresol (which must correspond with the U. S. P. tests), and
stirring until a clear solution is produced. Finally, sufficient water is
added to make the finished product weigh 1000 Gm.

PHENOL,U.S.— Phenol. C„HsOH = 93.34. [Acidum Carbolicum,
Pharm. 1880.] {Carbolic Acid.) — Hydroxybenzene, obtained either from
coal-tar by fractional distillation and subsequent purification, or made
synthetically. It should contain, when assayed by the U. S. P. process,
not less than 96 per cent, of absolute Phenol. Made by distilling crude
carbolic acid, and separating and purifying the distillate by repeated
crystallization. Colorless, interlaced, or separate needle-shaped crys-
tals, or a white, crystalline mass, sometimes acquiring a reddish tint.
Characteristic, somewhat aromatic odor; when copiously diluted with
water it has a sweetish taste, with a slightly burning after-taste, and
whc" 'in,i.ii.t..,i , iMteri/x^ and whitens the skin and mucous membranes;
fair/ .\vcrage dose, 0.065 Gm. (i gr.).

(>;; :iins. — Phenol Liquefactum; Unguentum Phenolis.

PHEHOL LIQUEFACTUM, U. S.— Liquefied Phenol.— A liquid
compoicd of not less than 86.4 jKrr cent., by weight, of absolute Phenol,
and about 13.6 per cent., by weight, of water. Prepared by melting
the Phenol by placing the unstoppered container in a water-bath at
gentle heat, tran.sferring to a tared ves.sel, and adding to each 9 Gm.,
I Gm. of distilled water. Dose, 0.05 Cc. (i n\,).

OffUial Preparation. — Glycerilum Phenolis.

THYMOL, U. 8.— Thymol. C^H^O - 148.98.— A phenol, fC.H,-
(CH >H,) I :3:4), occurring in the volatile oil of Thymus

vuJ,. m tome other volatile oils. I^arge, colorless, translucent,

rhombir pnsnis; aromatic, thyme-like odor; pungent, aromatic taste,
with a very tJi^i caustic effect on the lips. Obtained from the volatile
oib of several plants by which terpenes are separated. Has been ob-
tafawd syntbeCiaUly. AveragedoK, 0.125 Gm. (2 gr.).

THTMOLIS lODIBUM, U. S.-Thrmol Iodide. r^H^O,!, -
545.76. (^rijto/.)—r>i thymol Diiodide. [(\H, . CH, . C,0, . OI),], ob-
tained by the condensation of two molecules of thymol and the intro-
dttctkm of two atoms of iodine into the phenolic groups of the thymol;

126 PHARMACY.

it contains 45 per cent, of iodine. A bright, chocolate-colored, or reddish-
yellow, bulky powder; very slight, aromatic odor. May be made by
adding thymol dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution to an aqueous
solution of iodine and KI. The precipitate is washed and dried.

RESORCINOL, U. S.— Resorcinol. [Resorcinum, Pharm. 1890.
Resorcin.] C6Hg02; 109.22. (Resorcinol.) — A diatomic phenol
[metadihydroxybenzene, CeH4(OH)2 i : 3)], obtained usually by the
reaction of fused sodium hydroxide upon sodium metabenzenedisul-
phonate. Colorless, needle-shaped crystals. It acquires a pinkish
tint on exposure to light and air. Faint, peculiar odor, followed by a
bitter taste; neutral or only sUghtly acid reaction. It is a diatomic
j)henol isomeric with pyrocatechin and hydroquinone. Average dose,
0.125 ^"^- (2 gr.).

ACIDUM SALICYLICUM, U. S. — Salicylic Acid. HQH5O3;
137.01. — A monobasic organic acid, [C6H4(OH)COOH i : 2], existing
naturally in combination in various plants, but generally prepared
.synthetically from phenol. Light, fine, white, prismatic needles, or a
bulky, white, crystalline powder, permanent in the air, odorless, or
having a slight gaultheria-like odor; sweetish, afterward acrid taste;
acid reaction. Prepared by treating sodium phenol (or carbolate) with
carbon dioxide. The sodium phenol is prepared by evaporating to dry-
ness equal amounts of concentrated caustic soda solution and phenol;
this is then heated to 100° C. (212° F.), while a stream of dry CO2 is
passed over it^ The temperature is gradually raised as soon as the
phenol distills over, until it reaches 250° C. (482° F.), until no more
phenol distills. Half of the phenol used remains in the retort as sodium
salicylate, while the other half distills over unchanged. The reaction
is as follows : —

2NaCeH50 + CO2 =

Phenol.

-f NaC,H O3

Normal Sodium

Sodium Phenol. Carbon

Dioxide.

Salicylate.

The sodium salt thus obtained is then dissolved in water, decomposed
by HCl, and the salicylic acid is filtered out, washed and crystallized, or
purified by sublimation and superheated steam or by dialysis. Average
dose, 0.500 Gm. = 500 Mg. (7I gr.).

PHENYLIS SALICYLAS, U. S.— Phenyl Salicylate. C.gHioO., =
2 1 2.47. [Salol, Pharm. 1890.]— The salicylic ester [CfiH^(OH)COOC6H5
I : 2] of phenyl. A white, crystalline powder, faint, aromatic odor,
slight, characteristic taste. Prepared by heating salicylic acid with
phenol in the presence of certain acid chlorides (phosphoryl chloride
or carbonyl chloride); the elements of water are withdrawn by this
action, and the phenol group is caused to unite with the salicylic radical.
Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7J gr.).

ACETPHENETIDINUM, U. S.— Acetphenetidin. C,3H,„N02 =
177.79. {Phenacetin.) — A phenol derivative [Acctparaphenctidin,
C6H4(OC2H5).NH-CH3CO i : 4], the product of the acctylization of
para-amidophenetol. White, glistening, crystalline scales or fine crv>tal
line powder. Odorless and tasteless. Made by treating paraphcnetidin,

AMYLACEOUS AND MUCILAGINOUS PRINCIPLES. 127

CjH4(NH,)OC,H5, vvnth glacial acetic acid, which introduces the acetyl
group, and acet|)araphcnctidin, C6H4(NHC2H30)OC2H5, is formed.

METHYLTHIONINiE HYDROCHLORIDUM, U. S.— Methyl-
thionine Hydrochloride. Methylene -Blue. Ci^HigNaSCl = 317.36.
— Tetramclhyhhioninc Hydrochloride, obtained by the action of hy-
drogen sulphide upon an oxidation product of para-amido-dimethyl-
amine. A dark green, crystalline powder, or in the form of prismatic
crystals having a bronze-like lustre. Made by treating an acid solution
of di«iethylparaphenylene diamine with hydrogen sulphide and ferric
chloride. Average dose, 0.25 Gm. (4 gr.).

ACETANILIDUM, U. S.— Acetanilide (Antifebrin). QH^NO;
134.OQ. (Phrnylacelamide.) — The monacctyl derivative [CftH5NH(CH3.-
CO)] of aniline. Colorless, shining, micaceous, crystalline lamina*, or a
crystalline powder, permanent in the air. Odorless, slightly burning
t;i-t<\ neutral reaction. Made by heating a mixture of aniline and
i:' i' ial acetic acid to the boiling-point; the cooled, congealed residue
1^ [iurified by sublimation or recrvstallization.

AliTIPYRINA, U. S.— Antipyrine. CnHjaN^O = 186.75. —
Phenyldimethylpyrazolon, [C3HN20(CH3)2.CeHj, obtained by the con-
densation of phenylhydrazine with aceto-acetic ether, and methylation of
the product. A colorless, crystalline powder or tabular crystals; almost
«»dorless; slightly bitter taste; neutral reaction. Made by acting on phenyl-
hydrazine with aceto-acetic ether when phenylmethylpyrazolon is formed;
this is methylated by treatment with methyl-iodide, resulting in the
formation of phenyldimethylpyrazolon or antipyrine. Average dose,
0.3 Gm. (5 gr.).

AMYLACEOUS AND MUCILAGINOUS PRINCIPLES
AND THEIR PRODUCTS.

ABdYLUM, U. S.— Starch. -Com Starch.— The stanh grains ob-
tained fmm the fruit of Zea Mays (Fam. (iramincfr), in fine i)owder,
or irregular, angular white mas.ses, consisting of s^)mewhat spherical but
u.sually polygonal grains, about o.oio to 0.025 Mm. in diameter, with a
lenticular, circular, or triangular central fissure. In<Klorous and tasteless.

Starch- is present in many drugs and is an important constituent of
many vegetable ffK>ds. It is usually marie from j)otat(K*s by separating
the cellular substanrc from the starch, by grating anrl pressing the soft
mass upon a sieve, the stanh granules falling through. It may Ix*, also,
prt pared from wheat or com, by allowing the grain to ferment, which
'lisintegrates it, and stopping the fermentation before the starch is
affected. The quality of starch depends largely upon the quality and
fiurity of the water used in washing it.

Chemical Composition 0} SUirch. — It has the same chemical composi-
tion as rellulr»se, C'„H,o(V and is closely allied to it and its properties.

Office of Starch in the Vegetable Kinf^dom. — It is stored up in plants
as a food, in anticipation of future usefulness in the formation of plant
tissues.

Description of the Starch Granule. — In young plants the starch granule

128 PHARMACY.

is always spherical, but it subsequently becomes ovoid, lenticular, poly-
hedral, or irregular in shape. Various plants exhibit characteristic starch
granules peculiar to each, which may be identified by the microscope.
The granule occurs in concentrically arranged layers of different densities,
arranged around a central point, usually situated at one end of the granule,
and called the hilutn.

Official Preparation. — Glyceritum Amyli.

MALTUM, U. S.— Malt.— The grain of barley, Hordeum distichon
(Fam. GraminecE), partially germinated artificially, and then dried.

Official Preparation. — Extractum Malti.

CHONDRUS, U. S.— Chondrus. (Irish Moss.)—T\ve dried plant
of Chondrus crispus (Fam, Gigartinacece), an alga growing in the Atlantic
Ocean, containing 70 per cent, carrageenin, a mucilaginous principle
differing from gum by not precipitating with alcohol; from starch, by
not becoming blue with iodine; and from pectin, by not precipitating
with subacetate of lead.

GUMS AND MUCILAGINOUS SUBSTANCES.

Gum, now known by the name, arabin, is a vegetable substance,
forming a thick, glutinous liquid with water; insoluble in alcohol, and
converted into mucic and oxalic acid with nitric acid.

Three Proximate Principles found in Gum. — Arabin, or arable acid,
C12H22O1, (soluble), found in acacia; Bassorin, C12H20O10 (insoluble),
found in tragaoanth; Cerasin (insoluble), found in cherry gum.

Gums differ from starch or cellulin by being soluble in water or by
swelling up in contact with it.

They differ from sugar by being incapable of vinous fermentation with
yeast.

ACACIA, U. S. — Acacia. (Gum Arabic.) — A gummy exudation
from Acacia Senegal, and other species of acacia (Fam. Leguminosce),
consisting, mainly, of calcium, potassium, or magnesium arabate; oc-
curring in roundish tears of various sizes, or broken into angular frag-
ments; whitish or yellowish-white; translucent; very brittle, with a
glass-like, sometimes iridescent fracture; nearly inodorous; taste in-
sipid, mucilaginous; insoluble in alcohol; slowly and completely soluble
in water, forming an odorless, mucilaginous liquid, which shows an a( id
reaction with blue Htmus paper; yields a gelatinous precipitate with
basic lead acetate T. S., ferric chloride T. S., and concentrated solution
of sodium borate. It is not colored blue (absence of starch), or red (ab-
sence of dextrin) by iodine T. S., nor does it yield a brownish-black
precipitate with ferric chloride T. S., or reduce alkaline cupric tartrate
V. S. The powder contains few or no starch grains or fragments of
vegetable tissues, and yields not more than 4 per cent, of ash. Sp. gr.
1.31 to 1.525.

Official Preparations. — Mucilago Acaciae, Syrupus Acaciae.

TRAGACANTHA, U. S.— Tragacanth.— A gummy exudation from
Astragalus gummijer and from other species of Astragalus (Fam. Legu-
minosce), consisting of 33 per cent, of bassorin, 53 per cent, soluble gum

SUGARS AND SACCUARINE SUBSTANCES. 129

(not arabin), ii per cent, water, 3 per cent, impurities; occurring either
in flaky, leaf-like pieces or in tortuous, vermicular filaments, of a whitish
color, somewhat translucent and resembling horn in appearance; hard,
and more or less fragile, but ditTicult of pulverization unless exposed to
a freezing temperature or thoroughly dried and powdered in a heated
mortar; odorless; ver>' little taste; sp. gr. 1.384; introduced into water,
it absorbs a certain proportion, swells very much, and forms a soft,
adhesive paste, but does not dissolve; agitated with an additional quan-
tity of water, this paste forms a uniform mixture; but in the course of
one or two days, the greater part separates, and is deposited, leaving
a portion dissolved in a supernatant fluid; the gelatinous mass is turned
blue by iodine, and the fluid portion is not precipitated by alcohol;
wholly insoluble in alcohol. Tragacanth appears to be composed of
two diflferent constituents, one resembling acacia, soluble in water; the
other insoluble, but swelling in water. The former differs from acacia
in affording no precipitate with |)otassium silicate or ferric chloride.

Official Preparation. — Mucilago Tragacanthse.

ULMUS, U. S. — Elm. (Slippery Elm.) — Contains a mucilage pre-
cipitated by alcohol and lead acetate.

Official PrefHiratiou. — Mucilago Ulmi.

SASSAFRAS MEDULLA, U. S.— Sassafras Pith.— Contains a del-
icate mucilage, which is not precipitated by alcohol.

Official Preparation. — Mucilago Sassafras Medulla:.

ALTH^A, U. S.— Althaea. (J/«r5/;wa//(m'.)— Contains a large
quantity of mucilage, Ci2^m^m associated with asparagin, sugar, and
starch.

LlHUM, U. S. — Linseed. — Contains 15 per cent, mucilage, CuHjo-
O,^ in the epithelium, and 20 to 35 per cent, fixed oil in the nucleus,
besides resin, sugar, wax. etc. The mut ilage is soluble in water, readily
soluble in hot water, forming a thick, viscid liquid, precipitated by
alcohol and subacetate of lead.

SUGARS AND SACCHARINE SUBSTANCES.

Sugars are organic bwHes, having a sweet taste, generally o[ vegetable
origin and cr>stallizable; of a neutral reaction; soluble in water, their
solutions being opti( ally active to polarized light.

T-iio Cla.txrs nf Sugar. — Fermentable and non-fermental»le sugars.

I. FERMENTABLE SUGARS are the most im|)ortant, In-ing
largely consumefl in f<Kxl prfxlut Is. The fermentable sugars are divided
into two sulx lasst's —glucoses, or sugars directly subject to vinous fer-
mentations, and saccftaroses, or sugars indirectly subject to vinous fer-
mentation.

GLUCOSES, C,H„0,.— The principal ones Are— glucose (Hextr^i-
glucose or dextrose), which rotates the plane of polarization strongly to
the right; obtained by treating starch with HrS04 and lime, and sei)arat-
ing the CaSO«, and evap^)rating the solution. Crape sugar (< rystallizcd
gluc«»se); obtained by crystallizing the alx»ve solution. I^rvulose (Ixvo
10

130 PHARMACY.

glucose) rotates the plane of polarization strongly to the left; found in
sugar cane. Maltose, CizHgjOn + HgO; obtained by action of diastase
on starch, etc.

SACCHAROSES, C12H22O11. — The peculiar characteristic of sugars
of this class is that they are fermentable only after being converted into
glucoses.

Principal Saccharoses. — Cane sugar (saccharose), from sugar cane,
sorghum, beets, etc.; para-saccharose, by fermenting spontaneously
cane sugar; milk sugar (lactose, lactin), from milk.

2. NON-FERMENTABLE SUGARS. (Sometimes called saccha-
roids.)

Principal non-fermentable sugars. Mannite, CgHj^Og; dulcite, Cg-
H,,Oe; etc., etc.

Glucose, CgHjjOe, is prepared by the action of dilute HjSO^ upon
starch. It may also be obtained from candied sugar, grapes, and other
sources. Glucose is the term applied to the syrupy preparation, grape
sugar to the solid product. The process is as follows: Corn is first
soaked in warm water, then ground with a stream of water, the starch
washed from the meal in a trough with bolting cloth bottom, beaten
with caustic soda, to separate the gluten, washed and treated with dilute
H2SO4 and steam. The process is called "open conversion," and takes
about two hours. Or the substances are acted upon with superheated
steam in a closed cylinder. This is called "close conversion," and
takes about fifteen minutes. After conversion, the substances are
treated with rparble dust and animal charcoal, filtered, and evaporated
in vacuo.

Glucose can be obtained as a hydrate, in small and laminated crystals,
from aqueous solutions, and anhydrous in hard, crystalline masses,
either from alcoholic solutions or from very concentrated aqueous
solutions.

Properties. — Less sweet than cane sugar; less soluble in water, more
soluble in alcohol; sp. gr. i. 54-1. 5 7, when anhydrous. Strong mineral
acids act sparingly on it, but with facility on cane sugar. Alkalies readily
destroy it, but form definite compounds with cane sugar. Boiled with
water, it suffers very little alteration; rotates polarized light to the right;
undergoes vinous fermentation directly; reduces alkaline tartrate of
copper, producing a reddish precipitate.

SACCHARUM, U. S.— Sugar. C,2H220„ ; 34 1.2. {Cane Sugar.)— The
refined sugar obtained from Saccharum officinarum, and from various spe-
cies or varieties of Sorghum (Fam. Graminecp); also from one or more
varieties of Beta vulgaris (Fam. Chenopodiacece); made, commercially,
from sugar cane, sorghum, and beet root; occurring in white, dry, hard,
distinctly crystalline granules; odorless; purely sweet taste; permanent
in the air. Prepared by crushing and expressing sugar cane, adding
calcium bisulphite and a little lime, heating, straining, evaporating,
cooling, and stirring, transferring to casks perforated at the bottom,
and the crystals drained. This is known as the open-pan process. The
vacuum-pan process, which now almost completely displaces it, consists
in removing the lime by COj, filtering through bone-black, concentrating

DERTVATIVES OF SUGAR THROUGH THE ACTION OF FERMENTS. 131

in a vacuum pan, cr}-stallizing, and drying the crystals in "centrifugals"
by rapid revolutions.

The best sugar for pharmaceutical uses is granulated sugar, as it is
not liable to absorb moisture, like loaf sugar, and does not lose weight
when kept in dry air.

Rock Candy. — Crystallized sugar.

SACCHARUM LACTIS, U. S.— Sugar of Milk. See under Products
from Animal Substances, p. 175.

MEL, U. S. — Honey. — A saccharine secretion deposited in the honey-
comb by the bee, Apis mcllifica, and occurring as a syrupy liquid, of
a light yellowish to yellowish-brown color, translucent when fresh,
gradually becoming opaque and crystalline; characteristic odor; sweet,
faintly acrid taste.

MANNAf U, S. — Manna. — A concrete, saccharine exudation of
Fraxinus Ornus (Fam. Okacece). It deposits, from a boiling alcoholic
solution, beautiful cr}-stals of a peculiar, sweet princij)lc, found in manna
and many other plants, called mannitc. Average dose, 10 Gm. (240 gr.).

GLYCYRRHIZA, U. S.— Glycyrrhiza. Licorice Root {Liquorice
Root). — The dried rhizome of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Spanish Licorice), and
o( G. glanduli/era (Rassian Liconcc) (Fam. Lcguntitios(r), containing the
sweet principle glycyrrhizin, or glycyrrhizicacid, C44no3NO,„ existing in
the root, in combination with ammonium. Average dose, 2 Gm. (30 gr.).

Official Preparations. — Extractum Glycyrrhiza;, Extractum Glycyr-
rhizae Purum, Mistura Glycyrrhiza: Composita, Pulvis Glycyrrhizie
Compositus, Fluidrxtractum Gly( yrrhizic, TnKhisci Glycyrrhizic et Oi)ii.

GLYCYRRHIZmUM AMMONLATUM, U. S.— Ammoniated
GIyc3nThizin. — Made by fKrrcolating licorice root with water, adding
H,sr), a> long as a precipitate is produced, and redissolving the pre-
tipitaic in water with the aid of NH^HO, and scaling. Yield, about 10
per cent, .\verage df)sc, 0.230 (im. (4 gr.).

TRITICUM, U. S.— Triticum. {Couch 6>tf55.)— Contains triticin,
a principle revmbling inulin, also glucose, Icvulosc, etc.

Official Preparation. — Fluidextractum Tritici.

DERIVATIVES OF SUGAR THROUGH THE ACTION
OF FERMENTS.

Fermentation. — Decomposition occurring in organic IxkHcs on ex-
jKwurr to the action of moisture, air and a wann tenii)crature, resulting
m the formation of new proilut ts, callefl when the pnxlucts are worth-
less or offensive, putrefaction; when useful, fermentation.

Two Classes into which Ferments are Divided. — Ferments arc divided
into two clasws— organized, or physiolr »gi( al ferments (three ( lasses,
viz., mould growths, rei>resente<l by Penicillium gUiucum; yca.st plants, or
sarcrharfimyces; and bacteria), and unorganized, or chemical ferment.s,
like (liastaso, synapla«w, myrosin, jK-jwin pancrcalin, etc. The latter
class produce " false ** fermentation; the ferments are < ailed cryptolytes.

Vinous Fermentation. — The decomposition of cane sugar into alcohol

132 PHARMACY.

and carbon dioxide, which occurs when sugar is exposed to the action of
water, air, and a warm temperature, and seems to be caused by a micro-
scopic plant, which has been named Torula cerevisice.

Result o} tfie Action of Dilute Acids and Ferments on Celltilin and
Starch. — They are converted into alcohol or acetic acid: —

(CaH,„0,)3 + H2O = Cj^H^jO,. + 0«C.oH«;
Cellulose Water. Maltose. Starch,

or Starch.

then,
then,

Maltose. Starch. Water. Glucose.

CeH,,Oe = (CaH.HO), + aCO^.
Glucose. Alcohol. Carbon

Dioxide.

If the process is not stopped here, the alcohol is oxidized into acetic
acid: —

C2H.HO + O2 = CaH.O, + HjO.
Alcohol. Oxygen. Acetic Acid. Water.

The most important derivative of sugar through the action of a fer-
ment is alcohol, usually obtained from whiskey by distillation.

The distilled products of vinous liquors forming the different ardent
spirits of commerce are: brandy, from wine; rum, from fermented mo-
lasses; whisky, from cider, malted barley or rye; Holland gin, from
malted barley and rye meal, with hops, and rectified from juniper berries;
common gift, froni malted barley, rye, or potatoes, and rectified from
turpentine; arrack, from fermented rice.

The compounds derived from sugars may be considered under three
heads: i. Ethyl hydrate and oxide, and their preparations. 2. Prepara-
tions of the esters of the ethyl, methyl, and amyl series. 3. Aldehyd, its
derivatives and preparations.

Ethyl Hydroxide and Oxide, and their Preparations.

Alcohol is a term used to designate a class of carbon compounds called
alcohols. Alcohols are hydroxides of the radicals ethyl, amyl, etc., just as
calcium hydrate is the hydrate of the metal calcium.

Ethers are the oxides of these radicals, just as the calcium oxide is the
oxide of the metal calcium.

Esters, formerly called compound etfiers, are analogous to the salts
of metals, being formed by the decomposition of their alcohols by acids,
as ethyl acetate, amyl nitrite, etc. Water is formed as one of the results
of the decomposition.

The following reactions will illustrate the formation of esters: —

NaHO + HC2H3O2 = NaCzHjOz + H2O.
Sodium Acetic Sodium Water.

Hydroxide. Acid. Acetate.

C2H5HO + HC2H3O2 = C2H5C2H3O2 + H2O.

Alcohol, or Acetic Ethyl Acetate. Water.

Ethyl Hydroxide. Acid.

DERIVATIVES OF SUGAR. 133

SPmiTUS FRUMENTI, U. S.— Whisky.— An alcohoUc Uquid ob-
tained by the distillation of the mash of fermented grain, — such as
Indian corn, rye, wheat, and barley, or their mixtures. OjKrations:
I. Mashing, by wliich the starch is converted into sugar. 2. Fermen-
tation, or the production of the alcohol. 3. Distillation, or the separation
of the crude spirit.

ALCOHOL, U. S. — A liquid composed of 92.3 per cent, by weight
or about 94.9 per cent, by volume of Ethyl Alcohol [CjHjOH = 45 70]
and 7.7 per cent, by weight of water. Sp. gr. 0.816 at 15.6° C. (60° F.),
the standard temperature for alcohol, or 0.809 at 25° C. (77° F.).
Boiling at 78° C. (124.4° F). and usually obtained by distilling whisky,
re<listilling, and rectifying.

Impurities. — Alcohol is liable to contain jusel oil, or amylic alcohol,
giWng it a characteristic odor. It may be deprived of odor by treating
it with potassium permanganate and redistilling.

ALCOHOL ABSOLUTUM, U. S.— Ethyl Alcohol, [CjHg . OH -
45.70], containing not more than i per cent., by weight, of water. It
should be kept in well -stoppered bottles or tin cans, in a cool place,
remote from lights or fire. A transparent, colorless, mobile, and volatile
liquid, of a characteristic, rather agreeable odor, and a burning taste.
Very hygroscopic. Sp. gr. : not higher than 0.797 at 15.6° C. (60° F.);
or o'.790 at 25° C. (77° F.).

It is prepared by separating the 1 1 per cent, of water from the strongest
alcijhol that can be made by distillation, by the use of recently burned
lime, out of contact with the air, and redistilling in vacuo. Its freedom
from water may be tested with anhydrous baryta, or by its forming
a clear solution when mixed with an equal bulk of pure benzol.

ALCOHOL DttUTUM, U. S.— DUutcd Alcohol.— A liquid com-
posetl of about 41.5 fxr cent, by weight or alxmt 48.9 jK-r cent, by volume
of Ethyl .\lcohol, and 58.5 per cent, of water; sp. gr. al>out 0.936 at
»S° C. (59° F.), and 0.930 at 25° C. (77° F.). Alcohol, distilled water,
each 500 Cc. or each i pint. Mix them. Or alcohol 408 Gm., water
500 Om., 50 parts by weight; add enough distilled water to produce
92.3 parts by weight. Mix them.

Rule /or Preparing Diluted Alcohol from Alcohol oj any HtgJter Per-
centage. — " Divide the alcoholic jx.Tcentage of the alcohol to Ix' diluted
by 45.5 and subtract i from the quotient. This gives the number of
p.irt^ of water to be added to i part of the akohoL" All terms denote
weight in this rule.

Result ij Alcohol and Water are mixed togetJter. — A rise in temjK*raturc
and a contraction of volume takes place. (55 gallons of alcohol -f- 45
gallons of water equal 96} gallons — a loss of jf gallons.)

United States Proof Spirits. — U. S. Proof Spirit contains 50 per cent,
by volume of al^solute alcohol. .

Whisky and brandy arc referred to under Spiritus, Part II.

^THER, U. S.— Ether. [Stronger Ether.}— A liquid composed
of alx^ut 96 fx-r cent., by weight, of al>s«*lut(' Ether, or Ethyl (Jxide,
[(C,n5)20; 73.52], and about 4 per cent, of alcohol containing a little
water. A transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, having a characteristic

134 PHARMACY.

odor, and a burning and sweetish taste. Sp. gr. 0.716 to 0.717 at 25° C.
(77° F.). Should be kept in partially filled well-stoppered containers,
preferably tin cans, in a cool place, remote from lights or fire. Average
dose, I Cc. (i5TT\^). Made by acting on alcohol with H2SO4, between
the temperatures of 130° and 137.7° C. (266° and 280° F.). The follow-
ing reactions occur: —

then,

H2SO, = C2H5H.SO, -f H2O;
jlphuric Ethylsul] "

Acid. Acic

Alcohol. Sulphuric Ethylsulphuric Water.

• id.

C2H5HSO, -I- C2H5HO = (C,H5)20 + H2SO,.
Ethylsulphuric Alcohol. Ether. Sulphuric

Acid. Acid.

It will be seen that the sulphuric acid is not consumed in the process,
but is regenerated, so that theoretically the making of ether is continuous.

Official Preparations. — Spiritus iEtheris; Spiritus ^Etheris Compositus
(Hoffmann's Anodyne).

Substitute usually sold for Hoffmann's A nodyne. — After the rectification
of crude ether, an additional distillate is obtained, consisting of ether
and alcohol, impregnated with a little ethereal oil. This is ''doctored''
to conform to the taste, smell, etc., of Hoffmann's Anodyne, and may
be detected by mixing it with water, with which it forms a clear solution,
instead of the milky solution characterizing the genuine article. Castor
oil is sometimes added to circumvent this test, which may be detected
by mixing equal parts with water, and collecting the separated oil on
filtering paper; castor oil leaves a permanent, greasy stain, distinguishing
it from ethereal oil.

Preparations of the Esters of the Ethyl and Amyl Series.

OLEUM iETHEREUM, U. S.— Ethereal Oil.— A volatile liquid,
consisting of equal volumes of heavy oil of wine and stronger ether,
occurring as a transparent, nearly colorless liquid; of a peculiar, aromatic
ethereal odor; a pungent, refreshing, bitterish taste; and a neutral
reaction to dry Htmus paper; sp. gr. 0.905 at 25° C. (77° F.). Made by
distilling alcohol and sulphuric acid together at a temperature between
150° and 157° C. (302° and 314.6° F.), until the liquid ceases to come
over, or until a black froth begins to rise in the retort; separating the
yellow ethereal liquid and exposing it to the air for twenty-four hours,
in a shallow capsule, transferring it to a wet filter, and washing with
distilled water and draining, then adding an equal volume of stronger
ether.

When alcohol is distilled with a large excess of sulphuric acid, there
are produced heavy oil of wine, sulphurous acid, olefiant gas, and empy-
reumatic products. This occurs toward the close of the distillation,
and the products generally separate into two layers, one consisting of
water holding sulphurous acid in solution, and the other, of ether con-
taining the heavy oil of wine. The heavy oil of wine is obtained by
separating it from the other products, exposing for twenty-four hours,
to dispel the ether, and washing with water to free it from all traces
of sulphurous acid.

DERIVATIVES OF SUGAR. 135

The above refers to the products formed in the latter stages of distilla-
tion. In the earlier stage, ethyl-sulphuric acid, CjHjHSO^, is formed,
which, during the process, is decomposed, so as to yield ether. But if
there is a large excess of sulphuric acid present, the ethyl sulphuric acid
is decomposed, so as to form a small quantity of heavy oil of wine. This
is a mixture of ethyl sulphate, (€2115)2504, ethyl sulphite, (C2H5)2SOs,
with polymeric forms of ethylene, C2^^4'

SPIRITUS iETHERIS NITROSI, U. S.— Spirit of Nitrous Ether.
(5-arW Spirit 0} Nitre.)— \n alcoholic solution of Ethyl Nitrite (NO . O-
C2H5 = 74.51] yielding, when freshly prepared and tested by the U. S.
P. process, not less than 4 per cent, of Ethyl Nitrite. A clear, mobile,
volatile, and inflammable liquid, of a pale yellowish or faintly greenish-
yellow tint, haWng a fragrant, ethereal, and pungent odor, free from
acridity, and a sharp burning taste. Sp. gr. alxmt 0.823 ^^ 25° C.
(77° F.). Average dose, 2 Cc. (30 TT\^). Prepared by distilling a mixture
of alcohol, sulphuric acid, and sodium nitrite together, using a well-
colored condenser, and a receiver surrounded by ice, connected air-tight,
and further connected \Wth a small vial containing water, into which
the connecting tube dips. The distillate is then washed first with ice-
cold water to remove any alcohol which may have passed over, and
then yi\\\\ ice-cold solution of monohydrated sodium carbonate in distilled
water to remove traces of acid, the ethereal layer separated and agitated
with p<jtassium carlxinate to remove traces of water, and mixed with
«-nough alcohol to make the mixture weigh twenty-two times the weight
of the nitrous ether added.

In this process, ethyl nitrite is formed, and an ester is produced by
sulislituling the acid radical NO, for the H of the hydroxyl in the alcohol.
This is then preserved from decomposition by adding suflicient alcohol.

Reactions for producing ethyl nitrite from alcohol : —

aqH.OH + 2NaNO, -f- Hj.SO« - 2C,HaN02 +
Alcohol. Sodium Sulphuric Ethyl Nitrite.

Nitrite. Acid.

Na^SO^ + 2H,0;
Sodium Water.

Sulphate.

Pure Ethyl Nitrite is pale yellow; has the smell of apples; boils at
180 C. (64.40 F.); sp. gr. 0.900 at i5<» C. (6o<» F.).

Sweet spirit of nitre is never entirely free from aldehyd; it is apt to
contain a large amount of it if carelessly prepared. Aldehyd readily
oxidizes to acetic arid, rendering the preparation sour.

^THER ACETICUS, U. S.— Acetic Ether. (Acrtale of Kthyl.)^
A transparent, colorless liquid, of a fragrant and refreshing, slightly &cet-
ousfK|f)r, and a |K'culiar and acetous burning taste. A lifjuid comfxiund
of alxmt 90 per cent, by weight of Ethyl Acetate, [CKjCO . OC'jIIj -
87.40], and alx)ut 10 per cent, of alcohol containing a little water. Should
be kept with same precautions as Ether. Average dose, i Cc. (15 ifR).
Sp. gr. 0.883 *o 0-89^ at 25** C. (77** F.). Prepared by distilling sodium
acetate, alcohol, and sulphuric acid together, shaking the distillate with

136 PHARMACY.

exsiccated sodium acetate, and re-distilling it. It is a solution of ethyl
acetate and a mixture of alcohol and water: —

NaCjHgOz + C2H5HSO4 = C2H5CJH3O2 + NaHSO^.
Sodium Ethyl-sulphuric Ethyl Acetate. Acid Sodium.

Acetate. Acicl. Sulphate.

ETHYLIS CARBAMAS, U. S.— Ethyl Carbamate. QH.NO, =
88.42. — An ester of carbamic acid, [CO(OC2H5)NH2], obtained by the
reaction of ethyl alcohol upon urea (carbamide) or one of its salts. It
should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. Colorless, columnar crystals
or soles, odorless, and having a cooling, saline taste. Average dose,
I (im.(i5gr.).

ETHYLIS CHLORIDUM, U. S.— Ethyl Chloride. — A haloid
(K'rivative, [Monochlor-Ethane, C2H5CI == 64.00], prepared by the action
of hydrochloric acid gas upon absolute ethyl alcohol. On account of
its extreme volatility, it should be preserved in hermetically sealed glass
tubes, and kept in a cool place, remote from lights or lire. A colorless,
mobile, very volatile liquid, having a characteristic, rather agreeable
o lor, and a burning taste. Sp. gr.: 0.91 1 to 0.916 at 8° C. (46.4° F.).
' liorhtlv soluble in water, readily .soluble in alcohol.

SULPHONMETHANUM, U. S. — Sulphonmethane. QH,„SjO, =

226.55. (Sulphonal.) — Diethylsulphonedimethylmethane, [(CH3)2C-
(80202^.1)2]' the product of the oxidation of the mercaptol obtained by
the condensation of acetous with ethyl mercaptan, made by agitating
mercaptol with a 5 per cent, solution of potassium permanganate until
the color of the solution remains unchanged, thus showing that the
oxidation is completed. The crystals are purified by redissolving in
water or alcohol, evaporating the solution, collecting and dr^'ing. Color-
less, prismatic crystals; inodorous and nearly tasteless; neutral reaction.
Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).

SULPHONETHYLMETHAWUM, U. S.— Sulphonethylmethane.
(Triorial.) — CgH,gS204 = 240.46. Diethylsulphonemethylethylmethane,
[(CH3)(C2H5)C(S02C2H5)2], a product of the oxidation of the mercaptol
obtained by the condensation of methylethylketone with ethylmercaptan.
Prepared by the same process as that employed for making sulphonal
except in making the mercaptol acetone is replaced by methylethyl-
ketone, thus substituting an ethyl for a methyl group. Colorless, lus-
trous, crystalline scales; odorless; bitter taste in aqueous solution;
neutral reaction. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).

AMYLIS NITRIS, U. S.— Amyl Nitrite.— {Amy 1 Nitris, Pharm.
1890.] A clear, yellowish liquid; ethereal, fruity odor; pungent, aro-
matic taste; neutral or slightly acid reaction; containing about 80 per
cent, of amyl (chiefly iso-amyl) nitrite (C5Hi,N02; 116.24). Average
dose, 0.2 Cc. (3 TiJi). Prepared by acting on amylic alcohol with nitric
acid, by which the latter is deoxidized into nitrous acid, which acts on
amvlic alcohol as follows: —

CsHjjHO

+

HNO., =

= C,H„N02

+

H2O.

Amyhc

Nitrous

Amyl

Water.

Alcohol.

Acid.

Nitrite.

ALDEH\'DE, ITS DERIVATIVES AND PRKPARATIOXS. 137

Aldehyde, its Derivatives and Preparations.

Aldehyde (<i/cohol (/Wi^-rfrogenatuni) is a general term used U) deliiu- a
class of organic bodies. Acetaldehyde has a composition C^H^O, and is
made by depriving alcohol, CjHaO, of two hydrogen atoms. 'I'his is
effected by acting on alcohol with oxidizing agents.

PARALDEHYDUM, U. S.— Paraldehyde. CeH.jO^; 131.10.— A
poh-mer of acetaldehyd [CH, . COH = 43- 7°]- -"^ colorless, transparent
liquid, having a strong, characteristic, but not unpleasant or pungent
(xlor, and a burning and cooling taste. Average dose, 2 Cc. (30 itR).
It may be made by treating ethyl aldehyde with small quantities of
either sulphur dioxide, HCl, carbonyl chloride or zinc chloride; almost
complete conversion occurs, and by freezing the liquid and rectifying,
pure paraldehyde is produced.

LIQUOR FORMALDEHYDI, U. S.— Solution of Formaldehyde.
{Formalin.) — An aqueous solution, containing not less than 37 j)er cent.,
by weight, of absolute Formaldehyde, [H . COH = 2Q.79], an oxidation
product of methyl alcohol. A clear, colorless liquid, having a pungent
odor and caustic taste; its vapor acts as an irritant upon the mucous
membrane. Sp. gr.: 1.081 at 25° C. (77° P.). The U. S. P. gives
process for assay. Made by mixing the vapor of boiling methyl
alcohol, which is under pressure, with air in j)roper quantity, and
allowing the mixed vapors to pass over heated copj)er tubes, and then
condensing the vapors by passing them into a copj)er tulx; provider!
with the means for cooling the temperature to 0° C. (32° F.). Sufficient
water is then added to the product to make it contain 37 per cent, by
weight of absolute formaldehyde.

HEXAMETHYLENAMINA, U. S.— Heiamethylenamine. C,H„-
N\ = 139.18. — A condensation product, [Hexamethylenetetramine,
(CHj),NJ, obtained by the action of ammonia ujjon formaldehyde.
Colorless, lu.strous, odorless crystals, having, when in aqueous solution,
an alkaline reaction u[xm red litmus paper. Average dt)se, 0.250 (im.
(4 gr.). Alsf> called urotropin, cystogett, jormin, etc.

CHLORALUM HYDRATUM, U. S.—Hydrated Chloral. C,HClj-
0 + HjOj= 164.12. [Chloral, Pharm. 1890.] (Chlorul J fydrutr.)— A crys-
talline s<j|id, composeti of irichloraldehyde or chloral [CCI3 . COH] with
the elements of one molecule of water. It occurs in separate, rhomlx)idal,
colorless, and transparent crystals, having an aromatit , penetrating, and
slightly acrid cxior; a bitterish, caustic taste; slowly volatilized when ex-
p«is«-d to the air. Average dose, i Gm. ( 1 5 gr.). Prepared by j)assing dry
chlorine gas, in a continuous stream, through al>solute aliohol for six
or eight weeks. The pure chloral thus formed is then mixed with the
necessary amtjunt of water, and the resulting hydrated chloral cast into
cakes or purified by crystallization : —

then,

CjH.H.O + 2CI - C,H,0 4- 2HCI;
Alci'hdl. ^^'hloriiu;. Arrtuldfhyd. HydruchJoric

Add.

CjH^O + tA\ " ( H( 1,0 + 3HCI.
Acetaldehyd. ('hlarine. ( hlurat. IlytJruchluric

Add.

138 ALDEHYDE, ITS DERIVATIVES AND PREPARATIONS.

CHLORALFORMAMIDUM, U. S. — Chloralformamide. C3H,-

CI3NO2 = 190.96. {Chlor amide.) — A crystalline solid, [CCI3 . CH-
(OH)NH . COHj, an addition product of chloral, CCI3COH, and form-
amide, CH(OH)NH. Colorless, lustrous crystals, without odor, and
having a somewhat bitter taste. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).

CHLOROFORMUM, U. S.— Chloroform. [Chloroformum Puri-
ficatum, Pharm. 1880.]— -A liquid, consisting of 99 to 99.4 per cent.,
by weight, of absolute chloroform, [CHCI3 = 118.45], and 0.6 to i per
cent, of alcohol. A heavy, clear, colorless, mobile, and diffusible lif|uid,
of a characteristic, ethereal odor, and a burning, sweet taste; sp. gr.
not below 1.476 at 25° C. (77° F.); consisting of 99 to 99.4 per cent,
by weight of absolute chloroform, and i to 0.6 per cent, of alcohol;
neutral reaction. May be made by several processes, one of the most
economical by reacting on acetone with chlorinated lime; the liquid
products (ketones) resulting from the decomposition of crude acetates
at high temperatures may also be used.

2C3H6O + 6Ca(OCl)2 = 2CHClj + 2Ca(OH)2 +
Acetone. Calcium Chloroform. Calcium

Hypochlorite. Hydroxide.

Ca(C2H302)j + 3CaCl2.

Calcium Calcium

Acetate. Chloride.

Chloroform can also be produced by substituting three atoms of
chlorine for three hydrogen atoms of methane, marsh gas, CH4. It is,
therefore, chemically termed trichlor methane.

Purification of Chloroform. — Chloroform sometimes contains, as an
impurity, a chlorinated pyrogenous oil, from which it may be purified
by treating with H2SO4, dried NajCOj, and distilling with deodorized
alcohol. The pyrogenous oil is decomposed by the H2SO4, and, in turn,
blackened by it; the chloroform is separated from the H2SO4, agitated
with solution of Na2C03, to neutralize adhering acid, then mixed with
alcohol, to preserve it from decomposition, and redistilled from lime, to
separate water.

Official Preparations. — Aqua Chloroformi, Spiritus Chloroformi, Emul-
sum Chloroformi, Linimentum Chloroformi.

BROMOFORMUM,U. S.— Bromoform.— A liquid consisting of 99
per cent., by weight, of absolute Bromoform, [CHBrj = 250.99], and
I per cent, of absolute alcohol. A heavy, transparent, colorless, mobile
liquid, with an ethereal odor, and a penetrating, sweet taste, resembling
that of chloroform. Made by the action of Br on alcohol in the presence
of alkalies or alkali hydroxides, or preferably by the reaction of sodium
hypobromite upon acetone, just as chloroform is made by the "acetone
process." Average dose, 0.2 Cc. (3 xvjl).

lODOFORMUM, U. S.— Iodoform. CHI3 = 390.61. — Triiodo-
■methane, usually obtained by the action of iodine upon alcohol, in the
presence of an alkali or alkali carbonate. A fine lemon-yellow powder
or lustrous crystals of the hexagonal system, having a peculiar, very
penetrating and persistent odor, and an unpleasant, slightly sweetish,
iodine-like taste. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.). Made by heat-
ing alcohol, acid potassium carbonate, and iodine together, with

PRODUCTS FROM ACID SACCHARINE FRUITS. 139

water, and passing chlorine gas through the mixture, to cause the separa-
tion of iodoform, which may be fihered out, and purified by washing
with distilled water and drying (Fiihol's Process) : —

C^.HO + 81 + 2KHCO3 -
Alcohol. Iodine. Acid Potassium

Carbonate.

2KI -H 2CHIj -h 3HjO + 2COj.

Pblasidum lotloform. Water. Carbon

Iodide. Dioxide.

Official Preparation. — Unguentum lodoformi.

lODOLUM, U. S.— lodol. C,H, . NH = 566.17.— Tetraiodopyrrol,
a derivative of the l>ase pyrrol, obtained by the direct action of iodine
upon the Ixise in the presence of alcohol. A light grayish-brown, crystal-
line powder, without odor or taste. Made by dissolving pyrrol and
iodine in alcohol and allowing the liquid to stand for twenty-four hours;
the iodol which Is formed is precipitated by the addition of water.
.Average dose, 0.250 Om. (4 gr.).

PRODUCTS OF THE ACTION OF FERMENTS UPON
ACID SACCHARINE FRUITS.

Important alcoholic liquid.s, which have received various names, ac-
cording to the fruits from which they are derived, are formed by the
actii ' ' nt ujxin acid saccharine fruits.

W :,'rajx-s; cider, fn>m apples; perry, from pears, etc., occur

by fc....v ..;...^ ihese fruits.

For a description of the ofTicial WTiite and Red Wines see Vina, Part II.

The plant furnishing the gra|xr is called Vitis vinijera. The juice of
the fruit contains grajx? sugar, tannin, acid j>otassium tartrate, calcium
tartrate, fxitassium sulphate, sotlium chloride, pectin, albuminous prin-
ciples, and water.

The aroma of wines depends upon the formation of certain compound
ethers during the fermentation, and also during the ageing or ripening

Difference between Sweet and Dry Wine. — When the rjuantity of sugar
in the juice is large, and the amount of ferment insuflu lent to convert
it all into alcohol, sweet wine is prrxluced. When the quantity of ferment
is sufficient to convert all the sugar into alcohol, a strong, or generous,
wine is formed. If only a motlerate amount of sugar is present, with
enouf^ ferment to convert it all into alcohol, the wine is termed dry.

Sparkling Xature and Roughness. — Wine containing carbonic acid eas
is called ' ' when the gas is absent it is called stUl. When fer-

mented - • d.H. it becomes rough and astringent, owing to the

presence «.. ... -'in the see<l.s.

Arcol.— A of acitl potassium tartrate, rendered impure by

calcitim tartra' .r less coltiring matter, and other matters de-

?isited fn>m the juice *if the grafK- during fermentation and clarification.
he precipitation is due to the fact that these matter:^, though soluble
in gra|)e juice, are insoluble in the dilute solution of alcohol formed by
the fermentation.

140 PHARMACY.

SPIRITUS VINI GALLICI, U. S.— Brandy.— An alcoholic liquid
obtained by the distillation of fermented grapes, and at least four years
old. It should have a pale, amber color, a distinctive taste and odor,
slightly acid reaction, and sp. gr. not above 0.941 nor below 0.925,
corresponding, approximately, with the alcoholic strength of 39 to 47
per cent, by weight, or 46 to 55 per cent, by volume.

ACIDUM TARTARICUM, U. S. — Tartaric Acid. H^QH.O,;
148.92. — A dibasic organic acid, [C2H2(OH)2(COOH)2], usually pre-
pared from argol. It should contain not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure
Tartaric Acid. Colorless, translucent, monoclinic prisms, or crystalline
crui->ts, or a white powder; permanent in the air; odorless; purely
acid taste; acid reaction. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7 J gr.).
Prepared by saturating the excess of acid in acid potassium tartrate
or cream of tartar (prepared from argol) with calcium carbonate, and
decomposing the resulting insoluble calcium tartrate by sulphuric acid,
which precipitates it in combination with the lime, as calcium sulphate,
and liberates the tartaric acid. Only one-half the tartaric acid is thus
obtained. The remainder may be procured by decomposing the neutral
potassium tartrate remaining in the solution after the precipitation of
the calcium tartrate, by calcium chloride in excess. This may be de-
composed by sulphuric acid, together with the first portion: —

then,

2KHC,H,Oe -f-

Acid Potassium
Tartrate.

CaCOj =

Calcium
Carbonate.

K,C,H,0«

Potassium
Tartrate.

+ CaC,H,0„
Calcium
Tartrate.

+ H2O + CO2;

Water. Carbon

Dioxide.

K2QH,0«

Potassium ^
Tartrate.

+ CaClj =
Calcium
Chloride.

CaC,H,Oe + 2KCI,
Calcium Potassium
Tartrate. Chloride.

2CaC4H,Oe +
Calcium
Tartrate.

2H2SO, =
Sulphuric
Acid.

2CaSO, -}- 2H2C,H,Oe.
Calcium Tartaric Acid.
Sulphate.

and

Official Preparation. — Pulvis Effervescens Compositus (Scidlitz Pow-
der)'.

LIMONIS SUCCUS, U. S.— Lemon Juice.— Contains about 7 per
cent, of citric acid. Average dose, 30 Cc. (1 fl. oz.).

ACIDUM CITRICUM, U. S.— Citric Acid. H^C^^H^O, + H2O;
2C8.50.— A tribasic organic acid, [CH3H,(OH)COOH)3 + H2O]. It
should contain not less than 99.5 per cent, of pure Citric Acid. Color-
less, translucent, right-rhombic prisms; odorless; having an agreeable,
purely acid taste; efflorescent in warm air and deliquescent when exposed
to moist air. Obtained from the juice of limes and lemons, by saturating
the boihng juice with calcium carbonate, and decomposing the resulting
calcium citrate with sulphuric acid, concentrating, and crystallizing: —

2H3C,H,07 + 3CaC03 = Ca32CeH507 + 3H2O -f- 3CO2;
Citric Acid in Calcium Calcium Citrate. Water. Carbon

Lemon Juice. .Carbonate. Dioxide,

VOLATILE OILS. 141

then,

Ca,2QH,0, + 3HjSO, = 2H,QH,0, + sCaSO^.
Calcium Citrate. Suli^uric Citric Aad. Calcium

Add. Sulphate.

Official Preparation. — Syrupus Acidi Citrici.

TAMARINDUS, U. S.— Tamarind.— The preserved pulp of the
fruit of Tomarindus indica. Contains citric and tartaric acids and
small quantities of malic acid. Used in preparing confection of senna.

RHUS GLABRA, U. S. — Rhus Glabra. (5uma<:A.)— Contains
malic acid, which e.xists in it as calcium and potassium malate.

Official Preparation. — Fluidcxtractum Rhois Glabra;.

Acid Saccharine Fruits Containing Pectinous Bodies.

Pectin. — A peculiar principle existing in certain fruits, and formed
by the action of two other principles, pectase and pectose, upon each
other during the process of ripening.

The moderate action of heat and water upon the fruits causes the
citric, tartaric, or malic acid therein contained to act on the pectose,
softening it and converting it into pectin. The pectin is then acted upon
by the ferment pectase, which causes it to gelatinize on cooling, through
the production of pectosic acid. This explains the formation of fruit
jellies.

VOLATILE OILS.

Volatile or essential oils are fxiorous print if)les found in various parts
of plants, pre-existing, or produced by the reaction of certain constituents
when brrmght in contact with water; or sometimes formed thmugh de-
structive distillation, as the oil of amber; or thev may be obtained from
the a ' '" ' •']. oil from amlx*rgris.

F' V.ilnlile Oils may be Divided. — First, Terpenes,

'»r h .-.i^ <jf (* and H, nu)stly with the formula C,oH„;

f ' !!!:::;• Sf-rond, O.rvgcnated oils, or hydrocarbons con-
taining "xvL" 'i; !;i", "il of cinnamon. Third, Suljihuratcd oils, con-
taining »uif>hur; tyfje, volatile oil of mustard. Fourth, Nitrogennted
oils, a small dass, containing hydnicyanic acid; ty|x>, (lil of bitter
almond.

Two Proximate Principles of which Volatile Oils Consist. — Stearopten
and eleopten, the former congealing at a lower temperature than the
latter. Some of the stearoptens are ( ailed camphors.

Sr.'fVj.f n/ Lif>ht and Air on Volatile Oils. — The fragrance of the oil is

otpne is develojied, and the oil* thicken, rcsinify, or deposit

■ rompounds.

Action of Acids and Alkalies on Volatile Oils. — Strong nitric acid

drrnrnpoHcs them with great rapidity; Mime oils react with iodine with

violence. Alkalies, with the exception of a few oils with which

cheniical compounds, have, generally, but little cfTect on

V'M.itiif 'n\s.

Principal AduUerations. — Fixed ail: delected by dropping the sus-

142 PHARMACY.

pected oil on a piece of filtering paper; if a fixed oil is present, the stain
will not evaporate on gently heating. Alcohol: detected by shaking in
a graduated tube, with glycerin or water, which takes up the alcohol
and decreases the volume of oil. Or if a large quantity of alcohol has
been used, by setting fire to a small portion in a dish in a dark room,
when the lambent blue flame of burning alcohol will be seen, in contrast
to the yellow, sooty flame of volatile oil. Other tests are metallic sodium,
calcium chloride, and aniline red. Volatile oils, or cheaper grades o}
the same oil, or a cheaper oil having a similar odor: test, by the olfactories.
Preparation. — Volatile oils are usually prepared from plants, and gen-
erally, either by distillation with water, distillation per se, expression, or
solution.

1. Distillation with Steam. — Put the substance from which the oil is
to be extracted into a still, and add enough water to cover it; then distill,
by a regulated heat, into a large refrigeratory. Separate the distilled oil
from the water which comes over with it.

2. Distillation per se. — Distillation "by itself," or without the use of
water. Ex. : Certain oleoresins, copaiba, etc.

3. Expression. — The volatile oil of orange will illustrate this process.
The advantage is, that heat is not employed; but the disadvantage is,
that expressed oils have a small portion of albumin, which renders them
turbid.

4. Solution or Absorption. — This operation is effected by maceration,
digestion, percolation with carbon bisulphide or similar solvent, en-
fleurage, or the pneumatic process. Used in cases where the oils are
so delicate that they are decomposed by distillation, and exist in such
small proportion in the plant that it does not pay to express them.

Maceration. — This is accomplished by allowing the odorous pc^rtion of
a plant to stand in contact with a bland, inodorous, fixed oil. The oil
absorbs the odor, and, after a certain length of time, it is strained. The
odorous fixed oil is generally used in perfumes.

Digestion. — Similar to maceration, except moderate heat is employed.

Enfleurage. — A cold process, and much used for delicate flowers; con-
ducted by sprinkling the flowers on thin layers of purified, inodorous fat
spread on glass. The glasses are fixed in frames resembling window
sashes. The frames are piled in a stack, and left undisturbed for twelve
hours or three or four days.

When strong pomade is desired, fresh flowers are added from time
to time, as long as absorption continues, and the pomades are known
commercially as Nos. 6, 12, 18, and 24, which indicate their strength.
When the volatile oils are desired, they are extracted from the pomade
by macerating the latter, in a finely chopped condition, in pure alcohol;
afterward separating the small amount of fatty matter dissolved by the
alcohol, by refrigerating and filtering.

Pneumatic Process. — Used only with very delicate volatile oils. It
consists in forcing a current of air through a vessel filled with fresh
flowers, into another vessel containing melted purified fat, with revolving
circular plates half immersed therein. These circular plates become
coated with fat, and absorb the odor from the perfumed air.

Percolation. — Odorous flowers are percolated with purified carbon

VOLATILE OILS. 143

disulphide. The latter is distilled, thus separating it from the volatile
oil.

Official Products from the Rutaceae.

Aurantii Diilcis Cortex. {Syr.; Tr.) Aurantii Amari Cortex.
{Fldext.; Tr.) Oleum Aurantii Corticis. {S pis. Com p.) Aurantii
Florum.* {Aq.; Aq. Fort.; Syr.) Limonis Cortex. {Tr.) Oleum
Limonis.

Official Products from the Labiatae.

Menthol, U. S. — Menthol. r,oH,/)H; is4-98.— A secondary
alc.hol, [C\H,(CHj)(OH)(C3H7) 1:3:4], obtained from the oil from
.Mrnih^r pipcrit<i, or other peppermint oils; colorless, acicular, or pris-
matic crj'stals, haN-ing a strong and pure odor of pepjxjrmint, and a
warm, aromatic taste, followed by a sensation of cold when air is drawn
into the mouth. Average dose, 0.065 dm. = 65 Mg. (i gr.).

Mentha Piperita. Oleum Menthae Piperitae. {Aq.,Spts.) Men-
tha Viridis. Oleum Menthae Viridis. (.-l^.; Spts.) Oleum Lavan-
dulae Florum. (7>. Com p.; Spts.) Oleum Rosmarini. Hedeoma
{Pennyroyal). Oleum Hedeomae. f/Laimh\\xm.{HorehoHnd). {Cxm-
tains a volatile oil asscxiated with resin, and a bitter j)rinciple,
Marrubiin.) Oleum Thymi. Salvia {Sage). (Contains a volatile
oil, which consists of a terpenc, C,oH„, and an oxygenated portion, sal-
viot, C,»H„0.) Scutellaria (Skullcap). (Contains a volatile oil, tan-
nin, and a bitter principle.) {Fldext.)

Official Products of the Aromatic Umbelliferae.

Sumbul, U. S. — Sumhul. — The dried rhizome and nxjt of an unde-
tcrmincfi plant, prr>bably of the family Umhellijercr, contains about 0.5
percent, of a volatile oil and about 10 jx-r cent, of a resinous com txjund
having a musky fxior. Average dose, 2 ()m. (30 gr.). {Ext.; Fldext.)

Oleum Aniti, U. S.—Oil oj Anise.— \ volatile oil distilled from
Anise or from the fruit of Star Anise {Illicium Verum, Fam. Magno-
liacea). At lo** to 15® C. (50** to 59° F.) it s^)lidifies to a crystalline
masA, which doe« not resume its fluidity until the temjx-rature rises to
abrnil 17® C. (62.6® F,). Oil oJ Illicium (.Star Anise) has ncaHy the
Mmc properties, except that it congeals at about 2° C. (35.6** F.). It
con-^i-^^ts of a small fjuantity of hydnx arb*>n, C,nH,„, but mainly of anethol,
C^H,/). which is present in two mrxiific ations — one, s^ilid at ordinary
t. nir,*r.ifurrs and heavier than water (anise camphor, solid anethol), the
.id and more volatile (liquid attethol). Anethol, both in th<*
i in the solid form, is present, and is the chief constituent of
ibe oiU of anise, star anise, and fennel. Average d(«c, o.a Cc. (3 if|).

Official Preparations. — Arjua Anisi, Spiritus Ani.si.

Carum. Oleum Cari. Foeniculum (Fennel). Oleum Foeni-
culi (Aqua). Coriandrum. (Furnishes alxmt 1 fx-r cent, of an
agreeaMc, aromatic oil, also about to per cent of fixed oil.) Oleum
doriandri. Aniaam.

• The iowm are Ml cAdal; ike prapantfoM are.

144 PHARMACY.

Official Aromatic Products, with their Volatile Oils.

Oleum Cinnamomi. Oil of Cinnamon. Oil of Cassia. From
Cassia Cinnamon (Fam. Lauracece). This oil consists of cinnamic aldehyd,
CgHgO, which, by moderate oxidation, yields the corresponding cinnamic
acid, CgHjsOj, but by more energetic oxidation, yields benzoic acid, C7Hfi02.

Oil of Ceylon cinnamon, when it is not very fresh, contains cinnamic
acid in sufficient quantity to give a permanent cloudiness to cinnamon
water made from it.

Official Preparations. — Aqua Cinnamomi, Spiritus Cinnamomi.

Cinnaldehydum, U. S. — Cinnamic Aldehyde. {Synthetic Oil of
Cassia.) CgHgO = 132.07. — An aldehyde obtained from Oil of Cin-
namon, or prepared synthetically, containing not less than 9^ per
cent, of pure Cinnamic Aldehyde, [CgHg . CH : CH . COH]. ' It is
nearly identical with the oil distilled from Cassia Cinnamon. A
colorless liquid, having a cinnamon-like odor and a burning, aromatic
taste. Average dose, 0.05 Cc. (i njj).

Eugenol, U. S.—Eugenol. C,oH,jC, =» 162.86.— An unsaturated,
aromatic phenol, [C6H3(OH)(OCH3), C3H5 4:3: i], obtained from Oil
of Cloves and other sources. A colorless, or pale yellow, thin liquid,
having a strongly aromatic odor of cloves, and a pungent and spicy
taste. Exposure to air causes it to become darker and thi( ker. Sp. gr. :
1.072 to 1.047 3^t 25° C. (77° F.). Average dose, 0.2 Cc. (3 itr).

Vanilla, U. S. — Vanilla. — The cured, full-grown, but immature
fruit of Vanilla planijolia (Fam. Orchidacece). Contains a trace of a
volatile oil, 10 per cent, of fixed oil, resin, sugar, etc., and vanillin,

CgHgOg.

Official Preparation. — Tinctura Vanillae.

Vanillinum, U. S. —Vanillin. CgHgO, = 150.92. — Methyl-
protocatechuic aldehyde, [CgHj . OH . OCHj . COH 4:3:1], occurring
naturally in Vanilla, or made artificially from several orthodihydroxy-
benzene derivatives. Fine, white, crystalline needles, having the odor
and taste of vanilla, and having an acid reaction. Average dose, 0.030
Gm. (igr.).

Eucalyptol, U. S. — Encalyptol. C,oHjgO; 152.78. — An organic
oxide (cineol), obtained from the volatile oil of Eucalyptus Globulus
(Fam. Myrtacece), and from other sources. A colorless liquid, having
a characteristic, aromatic, and distinctly camphoraceous odor, and a
pungent, spicy, and cooling taste. Average dose, 0.3 Cc. (5 njj).

Saffrolum, U. S.Safrol. C,oH,o02 = 160.86.— The methylene
ether of allylpyrocatechol, [CgHg . C3H5(OOCH2) i : 3 : 4], found in oil of
sassafras, camphor oil, and other volatile oils, purified, if necessary, by re-
peated chilling and crystallization. A colorless or faintly yellow liquid
with a sassafras-like odor. Average dose, 3 Cc. (5 rrji).

Oleum Gaultheriae, U. S. — Oil of Gaultheria. (Oil of Winter-
green.) — It is the heaviest of all the volatile oils, having the sp. gr.
r.172 to 1. 180 at 25° C. (77° F.). It is an almost colorless liquid, having a
characteristic, strongly aromatic odor; a sweetish, warm, and aromatic
taste. Oil of Wintergreen is nearly identical with Volatile Oil of Betula.

Official Preparation. — Spiritus Gaultheriae.

VOLATILE OILS. 145

Oleum Betuls. (Oil of Sweei Birch.)— A volatile oil obtained by
distillation from the bark of Betula lenUi. It is identical with Methyl
Salicylate, CHjC^H^O,, and nearly identical with Oil of Gaultheria.

Methylis SaUcylas, U. S. —Methyl SalicylaU. CHjC^H^Os -
150.92. (Arli/icial {or Synthetic) Oil of Wittier green.) — An ester,
[C,H«(OH)COOCH, I : 2], produced synthetically; it is the princi-
pal constituent of Oil of Gaultheria and Oil of Betula. For flavor-
ing purposes. Oil of Gaultheria, Oil of Betula, and Methyl Salicylate may
be renrdcd as identical i)roducts. A colorless liquid, having a charac-
teristic, strongly aromatic wintergrecn odor and a sweetish, warm, and
aromatic taste. Average dose, 1 Cc. (15 nji).

Cinnamomum Saigonicum. (Tr.) Cinnamomum Zeylani-
cum {Cevlon Cinnamott). Caryophyllus (Cloi'cs). Oleum Cary-
ophylli. lPimenta(.4//5^iV^). Oleum Pimenta. Oleum Cajuputi.
Eucalyptus. (Contains a volatile oil, resin, etc.) (Fldext.) Oleum
Eucalypti. Myristica {Nutmeg). Oleum Myristicae. {Spts.) Oil
of Maie is a fi.xed oil made by expressing nutmegs Ix'tween hot
plates, or macerating them in carbon disulphide and distilling.) Sas-
safnts. Oleum Sassafras. Calamus. (Contains a volatile oil, hav-
ing the composition of a tcr]K«nc, C,oH,5, soft resin, a hitter principle,
acorin, sUrch, and mucilage.) (Fldext.) Cardamomum. (Contains
5 per cent of an oxj'genatcd volatile oil, 10 j)er cent, of fixed oil, starch,
mucilage, etc. (tr.; Tr. Comp.) Zingiber (Ginger). (Owes its
virtues to about 4 per cent, of volatile oil (terpene), having the com-
position Ci«H,4, and a soft, pungent, aromatic resin, which is soluble in
alcohol and ether.) (Fldext.; Oleores.; Syr.; Tr.)

Stearoptens from Volatile Oils.

Can^jhora, U. S.— C'am/>//f>r. C,oH,„0; 150.98.— The dextnigy rate
modification of thr saturated ketone, [C,H,aC'0], obtained from Cinna-
momum Camphora (Fam. I^auracetr) and purified by sublimation. It
occurs in while, translucent mas.scs, of a tough consistence and crystal-
line structure; readily pul veritable in the presence of a little alcohol,
ether, or chloroform, having a penetrating, characteristic odor, and a
pungent, aromatic lante. Average df>se, 0.125 Gm. (2 gr.).

OffUiai Preparations. — Aqua Cam[>hora?, Ccratum Camphorsc, Lini-
mentum Camphonc, Spirilus Camphora.

Aci''-— r.--~i.^.:..._ Tj s.— Camphoric Acid. H,r,„H,«0, -
198 ' [C,H,/COOH)], obtained by the oxida-

tion 'orlr , nionmUnir i)ri.smatic cry.stals or

platr ^ C. (77° F.), and in 10 parts

of b '"I. less soluble in ether and

chk - I Gm. (15 gr.).

Cn ' mated Cam ptwr. C,oH,.-

r lu4i of camphor, [C^H^Br , COj.

' s permanent in the air, and un-

^\\r,\ri\ f'V light. milM hut chara» trriHlic camphoraceous odor and ta,stc;
neutral to litmus paper. Made by heating camphor and bromine
II

146 PHARMACY.

together, cooling, dissolving the crystalline mass in petroleum benzine,
and recrystallizing. Average dose, 0.125 ^™- (2 gr-)-

Official Substances Containing Nitrogenated and Sulphurated
Oils, with Allied Products.
Amygdala Amara, U. S. — Bitter Almond. — The ripe seed of Amyg-
dalus Pruntis, var. amara (Fam. Rosacea), containing a glucoside
called amygdalin, which splits into benzyl-aldehyd, or oil of bitter
almond, hydrocyanic acid and glucose, under the influence of emulsin,
or synaptase, a ferment, which becomes active in the presence of water: —

C„H„NO„ + 3H3O =

Crystallized Water.

Amygdalin.

2(C«H,20e) + HCN -f QH«0 + H^O.

Dextro-glucose. Hydrocyanic Oil of Water.

Acici. Bitter Almond.

Oleum Amygdalae Amarae, U. S. — Oil of Bitter Almonds. — A vola-
tile oil obtained from Bitter Almond and other seeds containing amyg-
dalin, yielding, when assayed by the U. S. P. process, not less than 85
per cent, of benzaldehyde, and not less than 2 per cent, of hydrocyanic
acid. A clear, colorless or yellow, thin and strongly refractive liquid,
having a peculiar, aromatic odor; a bitter and burning taste.

Preparation. — The bitter almond cake obtained after extracting the
fixed oil is mixed with water, and distilled by passing a current of steam
through it. The emulsin reacts on the amygdalin in presence of the
aqueous vapor, and oil of bitter almond, or bcnzyl-aldehyd, is produced: —

CjoH^^NO,, + 2H2O = QH^O + 2QH,20e + HCN.
Amygdalin. Water. Benzyl- Glucose. Hydrocyanic

Aldeliyd. Acid.

As sweet almond does not contain amygdalin, oil of bitter almond
cannot be prepared from it.

Official Preparation. — Aqua Amygdalae Amarae; Spiritus Amygdalae
Amarae; Syrupus Amygdalae.

Benzaldehydum, U. S.— Bewza/ffe/tyrf^. C7HeO= 105.25. Synthetic
Oil of Bitter Almonds. — An aldehyde, produced artificially, or obtained
from natural oil of bitter almond or other oils, and containing not less
than 85 per cent, of pure Benzaldehyde, [QHg . COH]. A colorless,
strongly refractive liquid, having a bitter-almond-like odor, and a burn-
ing, aromatic taste. Sp. gr. about 1.045 ^^ 25° C. (77° F.). Average dose,
0.03 Cc. {Inn).

Artificial benzyl aldehyd is made by the action of chlorine upon hot
toluene, CyHg. Benzyl chloride, QH^CHjCl, and benzal chloride, CgHg-
CHCI2, results, and these yield benzyl aldehyd on treatment with man-
ganese dioxide and other oxidizing agents.

Oil of Myrbane, or nitro-benzol, is an entirely different product, made
by reacting on benzol with nitric acid. Its odor is similar to, but not
identical with, oil of bitter almond. It is used for perfuming soaps.

Prunus Virginiana, U. S,—Wild Cherry.— The bark of Prunus

VOLATILE OILS. 147

srrotir.,: la:-; A' ^ : -■ - , lollcctcd in autumn, and carefully dried and
pri'>itTvrd, .ont.ii- ~ :»r -'iaiiti, emulsin, tannin, bitter principle, starch,
etc., and furnisher tin ^umc reaction with water, with the production of
oil of bitter almond and hydrocyanic acid, as bitter almond.

OffUial Preparations.— IninsMm Pruni Virginianar, Syrupus Pruni
Virginianar, Fluidextractum Pruni Virginiana?.

Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum, U. S. — Diluted Hydrocyanic
Acid. (Prussic Acid.) — .\ colorless liquid, of a characteristic odor and
taste, resembling bitter almonds; composed of 2 per cent, absolute
hydnx-yanic acid (HCN; 26.84) and 98 per cent, of alcohol and water.
It should be kept in a small, dark, amber-colored, cork -stoppered vial
in a cool place. Average dose, o. i Cc. (ij itr). Made by distilling
trigether |K»tassium fcrrocyanide, diluted alcohol, and sulphuric acid,
and diluting to the proper strength with distilled water: —

(K.FeCy.), + (H,SO^), =

Potassiutn Sulphunc

Fcrrocyanide. Acid.

KjFcjCy, + (KHSOJ, -f 611 Cy.
PocUBum Potassium Hydrocyanic

FentNis Acid Sulphate. Add.

FeiTocyanidr.
(E%erilt'8 Sail.)

SckeeWs Hydrocyanic Acid Is a stronger solution, containing about 5
per cent, anhydrous acid.

SinapU Alba, U. S.—WhUr Mustard.— The seed of Sinapis alba
(Fam. Crutiferer) rr>ntains sinalbin, C„H44N,0,ftS„ a crystalline gluco-
side which, under the influence of a peculiar fennent, myrosin, and
water, is split into aerinyl Ihiocyanate, C^H^NOS, whi( h is a pungent,
volatile oil (this is not the official oil of mustard), sinapine sulphate,
C|»H^NO,HySO,, and glucose. The seed contains, in addition, 20 per
cent, of fixed oil, mucilage, gum, etc., but no starch.

Stnapis Nigra, U. S.— Black Mustard. — The seed of Brasica nif^ra
(Fam. Crunjrrfr) contains potas.sium myrtinatc ( KC',oH„NSjO,o),

rr-^-- ' "• 7c per cent, of fixed oil, mucilage, et( . Under the

m and water, the potassium myronatr is converted

i;.: - iriate, or volatile oil of mustard. This action takes

place at ordinar)* trmpeiaturea, and explains the pungency of aqueous
mixtures of ground mustard.

Official Preparation.— CharXA Stnapis — Mustard Paper.

Oimtm Sinapis Volatile, U. S.— Volatile Oil 0} Mustard.— \ volatile
oil obtained from black mustard by maceration with water, and subse-
quent di«tilUtion, yirjHing. when assayed by the U. .S. P, process*, not
Ies5 1? ■ vanale.

CI " yanatr or allyl thiocarhamide; it is

abo t«.M.. «Mir.»wv/.iMMi< ' is prepared nrtifKially by di.sttlting

MyHodUt with potatsimm ilr. It is a < f>lorlrss fir pale-yellow,

Hmpid and strongly rrfra' ' ,1. having a very pungent and acrid

odor. Great caution sboukl be caerdsed when handling this oil.

148

PHARMACY.

OFFICIAL DRUGS AND PRODUCTS CONTAINING
VOLATILE OIL WITH SOFT RESIN.

Piper, U. S. — Pepper. Contains pipertne, a feeble alkaloid, 2 per
cent, volatile oil (a terpene, CjoHje), a pungent resin.

Piperina, U. S. — Pipertne, CjyHigNOj; 283.04. — A feebly basic
substance, [CHjOj . C^U^ . CH : CH . CH : CH . CON . C,H,;], ob-
tained from Pepper and other plants of the Piperacecp. Colorless or
pale-yellowish, glistening, monorlinic crystals, permanent in the air;
odorless. When put into the mouth, it is at first tasteless, but on pro-
longed contact it develops a sharp, biting taste. Average dose, 0.200
Gm. (3 gr.).

Piperin is decomposed by alkalies in alcoholic solution into piperic
acid, C,2Hj(,04, and piperidine, CgHuN.

Cubeba, U. S. — Cubeh. — The dried unripe but fully grown fruit
of Piper Cubeba (Fam. Piperaceo') contains about 10 per cent, of vola-
tile oil, 3 per cent, of resin, cubebin, cubebic acid, wax, fat, etc. {Fldext.;
Olenres.; Troch.; Tr.)

Capsicum. {Cayenne Pepper. African Pepper.) — Contains cap-
saicin, CgHj^Oj, which occurs in colorless crystals, volatile, intensely
acrid, and soluble in alcohol, ether, and fixed oils. Capsicum also con-
tains traces of a volatile alkaloid and a volatile oil, fixed oil, resin, color-
ing matter, etc. {Emp.; Fldext.; Oleares.; Tr.)

Copaiba, U. S. — Copaiba. Balsam 0} Copaiba.) — An oleoresin, de-
rived from one or more South American species of* Copaiba (Fam.
Leguminosce), which contains copaivic acid, volatile oil, and a bitter
principle. Copaivic acid, C20H30O2, the resinous mass left after dis-
tilling the oil, forms a series of amorphous salts.

Serpentaria, U. , S. — Serpentaria. {Virginia Snakeroot.) — The
dried rhizome and root of Aristolochia Serpentaria (Virginia Ser-
pentaria) and of Aristolochia reticulata (Texas Serpentaria) (Fam.
Aristolochiacecp), contain i per cent, of volatile oil, a bitter principle,
starch, sugar, etc. {Fldext.; Tr.)

Matico. (Contains about 2 per cent, of volatile oil, a pungent resin,
a crystalline principle, artanthic acid, and tannin.) {Fldext.) Oleum
Cubebae. Oleum Copaiba. Oleum Santali {Oil of Sandal Wood).
Buchu. (Contains a volatile oil and resin, a bitter principle, mucilagp,
etc. The stearopten diosplienol is colored dark green by ferric chloride.)
{Fldext.) Humulus {Hops). (Contains a small quantity of volatile
oil; their bitterness is due to the resin and lupulin present.) Lupuli-
num. (Contains 10 per cent, of volatile oil, which, on exposure, yields
valerianic acid, trimethylamine, a bitter principle (lupamaric acid),
C82H70O7, resin, wax, and an alkaline liquid termed Cupuline.) {Fldext.;
Oleores.) Camiabis Indica {Indian Hemp). (Contains a resinous
substance, cannahinine, volatile oil, and tetano-cannabinine.) {Ext.;
Fldext.; Tr.) Valeriana. (Contains about i per cent, of volatile oil,
valerianic acid, resin, etc.; there are also present some acetic and formic
acids.) {Fldext.; Tr.; Tr. Val. Am.) Viburnum Opulus {Cramp

VOLATILE OIL WITH EXTRACTIVE PRODUCTS. 149

Bark). (Fldext.) Viburnum Pnmifolium ( Black Haw). (Con-
tains valerianic arid, a bitter, resinous principle, vihurnin. (Fldext.)
Sambucus {Elder). (Contains a little volatile oil and resin, etc.)
Oleum Chenopodii {Oii of American Wormseed). Oleum Jtmiperi.
{Spts.; Spts. Comp.) Sabina {Sax'ine). (Contains a terpene, C,oH,g,
and resin, mth a trace of tannin.) {Fldext.) Oleum Sabinae.

Official Drugs and Products containing Volatile Oil Associated
with Bitter Principle or Extractive.
Arnica. (Contains a trace of volatile oil, and a bitter principle,
arnicin, with resin, etc. {Tr.) Calundula {Marigold). (Contains
a small quantity of a volatile oil, a bitter principle, etc. Calendulin is
not the active principle, having very little taste.) {Tr.) Oleum Eri-
gercmtis {Oil oj Fleabane). Anthemis {Chcmomiie). (Contains a
volatile oil and a bitter principle, which has been called anthemic
acid.) Ifatricaria {German Chumomile). (Contains a dark-blue vola-
tile oil; the bitter principle Ls termed anthemic acid.) Eupatorium
{Thoraughuxni, Boneset). (Contains a volatile oil and resin, eupatorin,
etc.) {Fldext.) Grindelia. (Contains a volatile oil and a bitter and
rrsinous principle.) {Fldext.) Eriodictyon {Verba Santa). (Con-
tains a bitter resin, volatile oil, etc.) {Flde.xt.) Mezereum. (Con-
tains dapknin, C„H,40,,, a glucoside, asscxiated with an acrid, soft
resin, and oil.) {Fldext.) Aspidium {Male Fern). (Contains
plicic acid, Cg^HnOj, filix red, filitannic acid, fi.xed oil, etc.) {OleDres.)
Cjrpripedium {Lady's Slipper). (Contains resins, an acrid principle,
volatile oil, tannin, starth, etc.) {Fldext.) Phytolacca {Poke
Root). (Contains an acrid resin, tannin, etc.) {Flde.xt.) ZtA {Corn
Silk). (Contains, when dried, maizenic acid, fixed oil, resin, etc.)
Stillingia {Queen's Root). (Contains an acrid resin, starch, fixed
oil, glim, etc.) {Fldext.) Pjrrethrum {PellUory). (Contains an
acrid, bro%m resin, and fixed oils, inulin, mucilage, etc.) {Tr.) Xan-
thozylum {Prickly Ash). (Contains a soft resin, a crystalline resin,
a bitter i>rinnple, and an acrid, green oil.) {Flde.xt.) Sabal {Saw
p.,/^.,,,..i (Contains a vcilatile «iil, fixed <mI, rc-sin, and an alkaloid
Cimicifuga {Black Snakeroot). (Contains resin, an
Hilr (iMitwibly an alkaloid), stare h, tannin, gum, etc.) {E.xt.;
Fldext.; tr.) Apocynum {Canadian Hemp). (Contains n-sin,
opoeymin, apocynein, liittrr extractive, tannin, etc.) {Fldext.) LactU-
carinm. (Contains a hitter rrsinous principle, lactucin, C„H„0,.H,0,
laeluric acid (bitter and c r>'5tallinr), lactucopicrin (bitter and amorphous),
Uutucerin in large quantity, nearly 60 (>er cent, (this principle is inert
and crystallizahte), caoutchouc, rrsin, aHfiaragin, volatile oil, mucilage,
etc) (Tr)

RESnfS, OLEORESmS, GUM-RESIlfS, AND BALSAMS.

Resins : Natural cif induced. Milid or Mrmi-solid exudations from
' ' ' ' ' ' * r, mostly soluble in alco*

It a mcjdcrate heat
w ..«. ...^. _.;. ^..;.....;,u.., .luis. Some of them are

150 PHARMACY.

acids, and combine with alkalies, forming soaps, as in the case of common
resin. They are commonly the oxidized terpenes of plants.

Description : When pure, they are usually transparent, hard, and
brittle; when they contain water, are opaque and no longer hard, and
brittle.

Three Classes : Natural Oleoresins (oil and resin), generally obtained
by incising the trunks of trees which contain them; ex., turpentine.
Gum resins; natural mixtures of gum and resin — usually exudations
from plants; ex., myrrh. Balsams: resinous substances which contain
benzoic, cinnamic, or analogous acids; ex., balsam of tolu.

Terebinthina. — Turpentine. (Contains abietic anhydride, which may
be converted into abietic acid, C^^Hg^O^,, a bitter principle, and 25 per
cent, of volatile oil.) Oleum Terebinthinae. (Has the composition
Cj(,H,e, and is the type of the terpenes.) {Linimentum.) Oleum
Terebinthinae Rectificatum. (Emulsum.)

Terebenum, U. S. — Terebem. — A liquid consisting of dipentine
and other hydrocarbons, obtained by the action of concentrated H2SO4
on oil of turpentine and subsequent rectification with steam. A color-
less, thin liquid, having a rather agreeable, thyme-like odor, and an
aromatic, somewhat terebinthinate taste; sp. gr. about 0.850 at 25° C.
(77° F.). Average dose, 0.5 Cc. (8 nji).

Terpini RydTSiSyV.S.—Ter pin Hydrate. CioHjoOz -f HjO; 188.74.
The hydrate [CioH,8(OH)2 + H2O] of the diatomic alcohol terpin.
Colorless, lustrous, rhombic prisms, nearly odorless, and having a slightly
aromatic and somewhat bitter taste. Permanent in the air. Made by
acting on a mixture of oil of turpentine with nitric acid. Average
dose, 0.125 ^rn. (2 gr.).

Resina, U. S. — Rosin. (Colophony.) — The residue left after dis-
tilling off the volatile oil from turpentine consists of abietic anhydride,
which passes into abietic acid when treated with diluted alcohol. It
is a transparent, amber-colored substance, hard, brittle, with a glossy
and shallow conchoidal fracture, and having a faintly terebinthinate
odor and taste; sp. gr, 1.070 to 1.080.

Official Preparations. — Ceratum Resinae, Ceratum Resinae Com-
positum.

Terebinthina Canadensis, U. S. — Canada Turpentine. {Balsam
0} Fir.) — A liquid oleoresin obtained from Abies balsatnea (Fam.
Conifercp). It contains resin, associated with a terpene, CjoHjg,
and a small quantity of a bitter principle. It is a viscid, pale yellowish
or greenish -yellow, transparent liquid; odor agreeable; taste terebin-
thinate, bitter and slightly acrid.

Mastiche, U. S. — Mastic. — A concrete, resinous exudation from
Pistacia Lentiscus (Fam. Anacardiacece), containing a resin (mastichic
acid, C20H32O2), which is soluble in strong alcohol; also masticin, a
resinous principle, which is insoluble in alcohol; a small quantity of
volatile oil is likewise present. Average dose, 2 Gm. (30 gr.).

Asafcetida, U. S. — Asafetida. — A gum resin obtained from the
root of Ferula faetida, and probably other species of Ferula (Fam.

RESINS, OLEORESINS, GUM RESINS, AND BALSAMS. 151

UmbeUijeret). It contains a sulphurated volatile oil (ferulyl sulphide),
about 20 per cent, of gum, and 70 per cent, of resin. Average dose,
0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

Official Preparations. — Emulsum Asafoetidae, Tinctura Asafoetidae,
Pilul* Asafnetidac

Elastica, U. S.— India Rubbrr. {Caoutchouc.)— The: prepared milk-
juiceof various species of Hevea (Fam. Eupliorhiaceot)^ known in com-
merce as Para Rubber.

MyrrllA,n. S. — Myrrh. — A gum resin obtained from Commiphora
Myrrha (Fam. Bursrracrtt), contains 3 per cent, of an oxygenated vola-
tile oU, a bitter principle, and about 30 per cent. Qf gum and 60 per
cenL of resin.

Official Preparation. — Tinctura Myrrha.

GuaUcum, U. S. — Guaiac. [Guaiaci Resina, Pharm. 1890.]
— The re^iin of the wood of Guaiacum officinale and of G. sanctum (Fam.
ZygophyUacett) consists of guaiacic acid (C„H,oOo), guaiaconic acid
(C,A»0»), guaiaretic acid (C„Hjj04), beta resin, gum, etc. Average
dooc, I Gm. (15 gr.).

Oficial Preparations. — Tinctura Guaiaci, Tinctura Guaiaci Ammo-

BalMmnm Penivianum, U. S.— Balsam of Peru.— A balsam ob-
tained from Tolui/era Pereira (Fam. Leguminoscr) contains cinnamic
and benwoic acids, benzyl cinnamate, C^^{C^HJ)02, resin, benzyl ben-
aoaie, stilbene, etc. .Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).

Balwiimini Tolutanum,U. S.— Balsam of Tolu.—.\ balsam obtained
from Tolui/era Balsamum (Fam. Leguminoscr), contains cinnamic and
benzoic acids, resins, a volatile oil called benzyl benzoate, C^HsCC^H;)©,,
benzyl cinnamate, a terpene, C,oH,«, termed tolene, and other unimpor-
tant constituents. Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).

Offkiai Preparations.— ^mdurti Tolutana, Syrupus Tolutanus.

Benzoinum, U. S. — Benzoin. — A balsamic resin obtained from
Styrax Benzoin, and another unidentified sfx'< ies of Sty rax (Fam.
Styracea), contains benaoic acid, cinnamic acid, (CJIaO,), a fragrant,
volatile oil, and resins; in some varieties vanillin is found. Average
dose, I Gm. (15 gr.).

Official Preparations.— Adei» Benzoinatus, Tinctura Benzoini, Tinc-
tura Benxuini Composita.

Styrax, U. S. — Slorax. — The balsam prepared from the inner

bark r.f Liquidambar orientalis (Fam. J/amamelidaceo') lonXninsiinnamic

7j4c add, styracin, CV^7(C»H,)0„ storesin, C«H«0,. ethyl

. C,Ht(C^»)0^ phenyl propyl cinnamate, C,VI^(C,H„)0„

styrol, C»l<p • fragrant hydrocarljon, and a resinous substance not yet

iovcsligited.

AddwB Btosoiatm. U. 3— Benzoic Acid. HQH.O,; 121.13.
—An Offfuiic add, fC^^ . COOH). obuined fnmi Bcn»>in by sub-
lunation, or prepared artificially. It should be kept in dark ambcr-
odored, well-«topperrd bottles, in a cool place. White, or vellowish-
vhitf, lustrous scales, or friable needles, permanent in the air; nearly

152 PHARMACY.

odorless, or having a slight characteristic odor resembling that of ben-
zoin, an acid, pungent taste, somewhat volatile at a moderately warm
temperature, and acquiring a yellow color on exposure to light. Soluble
in 281 parts of water, and in i part of boiling alcohol; also soluble in
3 parts of ether, 7 parts of chloroform, and readily soluble in carbon-
disulphide, benzene, fixed and volatile oils; sparingly soluble in petroleum
benzin. Average dose, 500 Gm. = 500 Mg. (7 J gr.). It is found
natural in benzoin, balsam of tolu, etc., but is usually made artificially —

1. From the urine of cattle, by treating it with lime, evaporating, de-
composing the lime hippurate with HCl, purifying the hippuric acid
with animal" charcoal, and treating with HCl, when benzoic acid and
glycocine are produced: —

C9H9NO3 + H2O = C7H6O2 + C2H5NO2.
Hippuric Water. Benzoic Glycocine.

Acid. Acid.

2. From naphtalin, CjoHg, by treating it with HNO3; phthalic acid is
produced which, when treated with excess of Ca(HO)2, yields calcium
benzoate and carbonate. The calcium benzoate is treated with HCl,
and the benzoic acid is precipitated.

3. Ffom toluene. Benzotrichloride is first formed, and this, when
treated with water in close vessels, yields benzoic acid : —

CeHg.CCla + 2H2O = CeHg.COOH + ^HCl.
Benzotrichloride. Water. Benzoic Acid. Hydrochloric

Acid.

Benzosulphinidum, U. S. — Benzosulphinide. Saccharin.

/SO2.
QHi^ /NH = 181.77. — The anhydride of ortho-sulphamide-ben-

^CQ/
zoic acid (benzoyl sulphonic-imide). A white, crystalline powder,
nearly odorless, having an intensely sweet taste even in dilute solutions.
Made from the coal-tar product, toluene, by converting it into tnluene-
sulphonic chloride. This is treated with ammonia whereby the sul-
phamide is formed, wlfich by oxidation is converted into the sulphimide,
saccharine being the anhydride of ortho-sulphamide-benzoic acid. Aver-
age dose, 0.200 Gm. (3 gr.).

FIXED OILS, FATS, AND SOAPS.

Source of Fixed Oils and Fats, and how Distinguished : They
are obtained from both the vegetable and animal kingdoms. Charac-
teristics: — Greasy to the touch; leave a permanent oily stain on paper;
insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide,
benzol, benzin, turpentine, and volatile oils, usually mixing with one
another without separating; when pure, generally colorless or of a pale
yellow color, with distinctive odor and taste, often caused by impurities,
as they are rendered odorless and tasteless by refining them. When
heated moderately, if solid, they melt; if liquid, they become thinner;
decomposed by heating strongly in the air, with evolution of offensive

nXED OILS, FATS, AND SOAPS. 153

vapors, they bum w-ith a sooty flame and much heat. Sp. gr. 0.870 to
0.985. On exposure to air, they acquire an acrid, disagreeable taste
and add reaction, owing to a change that occurs, termed rancidity, be-
lieved to be due to impurities, like albuminous substances, which act
as fennents, induce decomposition, liberate the fatty acids, and produce
volatile, odorous acids, like caproic, caprjlic, butyric, and valerianic
acids. Rancid oils may often be purified by shaking thoroughly with
hot water, then with a cold solution of CO,, and washing with cold water.

What they are chemically : They are esters of higher members of
the fatty acids, the alcohol being glycerin and the radical glyceryl.
They are sometimes called glycerides of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids.
Olein is liquid, the other two solid. Almond oil being principally com-
posed of olein, is, at ordinary temperatures, liquid; tallow, being largely
stearin, b solid at the same temperatures.

Oletn : The oleate of the triad radical glyceryl, having the chemical
composition CjH5(C„HaO,)„ obtained by treating oils or fats .with
boibng alcohol, co«jling, to deposit the concrete principles, the olein re-
maining in solution, which is obtained by evaporating off the alcohol,
or by compressing one of the solid fats, or a liquid fat concreted by cold,
between folds of bibulous paper, which absorb the olein and give it
up afterward by compressing under water.

Olein is a liquid of oily consistence, congealing at — 6* C. (21.2** F.);
colorless, when pure; ^*nth little <xlor and a sweetish taste; insoluble
in water, soluble in boiling alcohol and ether.

Plillllitln : The glyceride of palmitic acid, or tripalmitate of glyceryl.

StMUrin: A ^yceride of stearic acid, C,Hs(C,gH„0,)„ and has Ix'en
fonned synthetically by heating a mixture of these two materials to
afio^-^oo® C. A white, opaque mass, of a pearly appearance as crystal-
lized from ether, pulverizable, fusible at 66,5° C. (152° F.), soluble in
boiling alcohol and ether, neariy insoluble in those licjuids cold, insoluble
in water. Prepared by dis.solvin^ suet in hot oil of turix-ntine, cooling,
txpnmiag with unsized pajjcr, dissolving in hot ether, which deposits
the slouin on cooling.

Iftnsrin : A mixture of stearin and palmitin — once regarded as a
prindpler

SiMlIC Add: A firm, white solid, like wax, with chemical com-
position CmHi/X, fusible at 69.2** C. (157° F.), grea.Hy to the touch,
pulverizable, soluble in alcohol, very soluble in ether, insiilublc in water.

PliUillitic Acid : Palmitic acid, Culf «0„ forms a white, scaly mass,
melting at 62* C. ( 1436* F.).

Oleic Acid: .^n oilylinuid, C^UJT),, soluble in alcohol and ether,
lighter than water, in which it is injwMubIc; cryHtalli/able in needles at
a temperature a little below zero C. (32** F.); having a slight smell and
pungntt taste; rhrmical composition, CuMu^^r

Otoom Ridni, U. S.^Castor Oil— A fixed oil expressed from the
leed of RUinus communis.

PftfartUion. — Castor oil has been obtainrfl from the srrd in four wa^:

I. By cold expfVMion; a. By expression with hcai; v '*y txrcolation
with alcohol; 4. By deooctioii. The first method produces the best oil.

154 PHARMACY.

It is an almost colorless, transparent, viscid liquid, of a faint, mild odor;
a bland, afterward slightly acrid, and generally offensive taste, and a
neutral reaction; sp. gr. 0.950 to 0.970. It contains ricinolein and pal-
mitin.

Acidum Oleicum, U. S.— Oleic Acid. HC^^n^Oz, 280.14.— A
monobasic organic acid, prepared in a sufficiently pure condition by
cooling commercial oleic acid to about 5° C. (41° F.), then separating
and preserving the liquid portion. A yellowish or brownish -yellow
oily liquid, lard-like odor and taste, becoming darker and absorbing
oxygen on exposure to air. Sp. gr. 0.895 ^^ 25° C. (77° F.). Obtained
as a by-product in the manufacture of candles from fats.

Red oil is crude oleic acid.

Acidum Stearicum, U. S. — Stearic Acid. HCjaHg^Oj = 282.14. —
A monobasic organic acid, [C17H35 . COOH], in its commercial, more or
less impure form, usually obtained from the more solid fats, chiefly
tallow. A hard, white, somewhat glossy solid, odorless and tasteless,
and permanent in the air. Insoluble in water; soluble in about 16.6
parts of alcohol at 25° C. (77° F.); readily soluble in boiling alcohol and
ether. Used for making Suppositoria Glycerini.

Glycerinum, U. S. — Glycerin, Glycerole. — A liquid obtained by the
decomposition of vegetable and animal fats, or fixed oils, and con-
taining not less than 95 per cent, of absolute Glycerole, a triatomic
alcohol, [CH2OH . CHOH . CHjOH = 91.37]. Average dose, 4 Cc.
(i a. dr.). A clear, colorless liquid, of thick, syrupy consistence, smooth
to the touch; odorless; sweet to the taste and producing a sensation of
warmth upon the mouth and lips; when exposed to the air, it absorbs
moisture. Sp. gr. not less than 1.246 at 25° C. (77° F.). (Glyc. Gelatin;
Suppos.)

Preparation. — Glycerin is made in several ways.

1. Through the saponification of fats and oils, in making soap or lead
plaster : —

2(C3H,3C,.H3302) -f 3PbO -H 3H2O -

Glyceryl Oleate Lead Oxide Water.

(Olive Oil). (Litharge).

3(Pb2C,3H3302) -f 2(C3H^HO).
Lead Oleate Glyceryl Hydrate

(Lead Plaster). (Glycerin).

2. By the decomposition of fats and oils through pressure and super-
heated steam, whereby the fats, which are glycerides, or ethers of the
fatty acids, are broken up into glycerin and fatty acids, the water sup-
plying the elements of hydrogen and oxygen necessary for that change.
The decomposition of stearin in this way will illustrate : —

C3H,3Cx8H3,02 -1- 3H2O = C3H^HO + 3^x»CU^O,.
Stearin. Water. Glycerin. Stearic Add.

In this, its present form, it is known as distilled glycerin.

Sapo, U. S. — Soap. (White Castile Soap.) — Soap prepared from
sodium hvdroxide and olive oil. It is a white or whitish solid, hard,

FIXED OILS, FATS, AND SOAPS. 155

yet easily cut when fresh; having a faint, peculiar odor, free from ran-
cidity; disagreeable, alkaline tai^tc; alkaline reaction.

Official Preparations. — Emplastruni Saponis, Linimentum Saponis.

SfllpO Mollis, U. S.—Soft Soap. [Sapo Viridis, Pharm. 1880.] (Green
Soap.) — A soft soap, originally imported from Germany; prepared
from Linseed Oil 400 Gm.; Potassium Hydroxide 95 Gm.; Alcohol
40 Cc; Water q. s.; and saponifying by the aid of heat. A soft, unc-
tuous, yellowish-brown mass, having a characteristic odor and an alkaline
taste; alkaline reaction.

Official PreparaJion. — Linimentum Saponis Mollis.

Amygdala Dulcis. (Contains about 40 |)cr cent, of fi.xcd oils,
protein comjwunds {couglutin and amandin), sugar, mucilage, etc.)
{Emulsum.) Oleum Amygdalae Ezpressum. (Consists pnncipally
of olein, 70 fx'r cent.) Oleum Olivae. Oleum Gossypii Seminis
(Cotion- seed Oil). Oleum L'mi {Linseed Oi/). Pepo (Pumpkin Seed).
Oleum Tiglii {Croton Oil). Oleumi Theobromatis (Suiter of
Cacao). (.\ fixed oil expressed from the seed of Tlitobroma Cacao. It
sbould be brittle at temperatures below 15° C. (59° F.), and should
melt at 30** to 35** C. (86** to 95** F.) \o a clear liquid.) Lycopodium.
(Contains 47 per cent, of fixed oil, with minute quantities uf volatile

Unsaponifiable Fats and Petroleum Products.

Petrolatum, U. S. — Petrolatum. [Petrolatum Molle, Petrolatum
Spi&sum, Pharm. 1890] A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the
methane scries obtained by distilling off the lighter and more volatile
portions from jK-troleum, and purifying the residue. .\v\ unctuous mass
of about the roa»ihtency of omtment, var>'ing in color from yellowish
to light amix-r, having not more than slight fluorescence, even after
being melted; transparent in thin layers, completely amorohous; without
odor or taste, but giving off, when heated, a faint petroleum -like odor.

The degree of hardnesA of petrolatum is due to the greater or less
proportion of paraflfm presciiL

Petrolatum is known commercially as cosmolinr, vaseline, petrolina,
dtodarolina, etc. Liquid Petrolatum, as albolene, etc., etc.

Petrolatum Allmm.U.S. -W^Ai^ Petrolatum. ~\ colorless mixture
of hydrcxarljr*n», chiefly <if the methane series, oblaine<l by distilling
off the lifter and more volatile |>ortii>ns from petroleum, and purifying
the residur. A white unctumis mass, of alxmt the consistency of an
ointment; trmns|>aiTnt in thin layers; completely amorphous, without
odor or taste.

PrtrDlatttm Liquidum, U. S. —Liquid Petrolatum.— h mixture of
hydrocarbons, chidly of the methane series, obtained by distilling
on most of the Ugbter and more volatile fiortions from petroleum, and
purifyfaig the liqui<l residue. A « olorless, or very »lightly yellowish,
oily, tyanspaimt liquid; without odor or taste, but giving off, when
healed, a faint odor of petroleum. Sp. gr. 0.870 to 0.940 at 25° C.
(77*F).

Psraffinnm, U. ^.—Panfj^n.—.K mixture of tolid hydrocar^

156 PHARMACY.

bons, chiefly of the methane series; usually obtained by chilling and
pressing the distillates from petroleum having high boiling-points, and
purifying the solid press cake so obtained. A colorless, more or less
translucent mass, crystalline when separating from solution; without
odor or taste, and slightly greasy to the touch.

Benzinum, U. S. — Petroleum Benzin. {Petroleum Ether.) — A
transparent, colorless, diffusive liquid, with a strong, characteristic
odor, slightly resembling that of petroleum, but much less disagreeable;
neutral reaction. It is a purified distillate from American petroleum,
consisting of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the marsh-gas series (CjHjj, CgHi^,
and homologous compounds), having a sp. gr. from 0.638 to 0.660.

Benzin should be carefully kept in well-stoppered bottles or cans, in
a cool place, remote from lights or fire, for it is highly inflammable, and
its vapor, when mixed with air and ignited, explodes violently.

Benzinum Purificatum, U. S. — Purified Petroleum Benzin. —
Petroleum Benzin purified by treating it with H2SO4, potassium
permanganate and sodium hydroxide. Should not leave greasy stain,
or disagreeable, sulphuretted odor, when evaporated from filter paper.

DRUGS CONTAINING GLUCOSIDES OR NEUTRAL
PRINCIPLES, WITH THEIR PREPARATIONS.

Glucosides are bodies mostly found in plants yielding glucose, CgHjaOg,
as one of their products of decomposition, when brought in contact with
diluted acids or ferments. The other product which is formed at the
same time differs in character from the original glucoside. Thus, Salicin,
if boiled with diluted sulphuric acid, yields dextro-glucose and saligenin,
or saligenol: —

CnHisO; + H2O = C^H.Oj + CeH,20«.

Salicin. Water. Saligenin. Glucose.

Glucosides may sometimes be split into glucose and the derived product
by heating them with baryta water or alkaline solutions, by nitrogenous
principles, which act as ferments, like emulsin or synaptase, or by treat-
ment with yeast ferment or ptyalin found in saliva.

Glucosides are sometimes the active principles of the plants in which
they are found, but they are more frequently associated with resins, oils,
alkaloids, and bitter principles.

Scilla, U. S. — Squill. — The bulb of Urginea maritima (Fam.
Liliacece), deprived of its dry, membranaceous outer scales, cut into
thin slices and carefully dried, the central portions being rejected, con-
tains the bitter principle scillipicrin, scillitoxin, scillin, and scillain, a
poisonous glucoside. There are also present a large quantity of mucilage,
calcium oxalate, sinistrin, etc.

Official Preparations. — Acetum Scillae, Fluidextractum Scillae, Syrupus
Scillae, Syrupus Scillae Compositus, Tinctura Scillae.

Digitalis, U. S. — Digitalis. {Foxglove.) — The dried leaves of
Digitalis purpurea (Fam. Scrophulariacece) , collected from plants of

DRITGS CONTAINING GLUCOSIDES, ETC. 157

the second year's growth at the commencement of flowering. Average
dose, 0.065 Gm. ( i gr.).

Digitalis has been the subject of exhaustive investigation. The prin-
ciple di^talin w^as at one time considered to Ix* an alkaloid. It is, as
usually seen, a mixture of digitoxin and other neutral principles. Digi-
toxin is converted into toxiresin by the action of diluted acids and heat.

Official Preparations. — Jnfusum Digitalis, Fluidcxtractum Digitalis,
Extractum Digitalis, Tinctura Digitalis.

Strophanthus, U. S. — Strophanthus. — The ri|>e seed of Strophatt-
thus Kombi (Fam. Apocynacffr) deprived of its long awn, contains
a glucoside, strophanthin, which yields, on decomposition, glucose and
strophanihidiH.

Official Preparation. — Tinctura Strophanthi.

Strophanthinum, U. S. — Strophanthin. — \ glucoside, or mixture
of glucosides, obtained from Strophanthus. A while or faintly yellowish
fr>-stalline powder, containing varying amounts of water of crystalli-
zation, which it docs not lose entirely without dccomixjsition. Taste,
intensely bitter; great caution should be used in testing it. Permanent
in the air. Average dose, 0.0003 ^^- dhjf P"-)-

SAntoninum, U. S.—Santonin. C,aH,gO,; 244.29.— The inner
anhydride or lactone of santonic acid, obtained from Santonica. Color-
less, shining, flattened rhombic prisms; odorless, and nearly tasteless
• put into the mouth, but aftenaard develojiing a bitter taste;
!t in the air, but turning yellow on exposure to light. Average
d</^, 0.065 Gm. (i gr.). Prepared by exhausting santonica mi.xed
with lime with diluted alcohol, distilling off the alcohol and adding acetic
acid to the residue. The j>rccipitated santonin is purifu-*! by dissolving
it in alcohol, treating with animal chanoal, and cr>-stallizing. (Trochisci.)

ErgoU, U. S.— Ergot. {Ergot oj Rye.)— The stierotium of Clarice ps
purpurea. rrplaHni? the grain of SecaU cerenU (Fam. Graminaceo-).
' " ' ■/ acid, sclererythrin, sclrromucin, sclrro-

is al.v) nresent scJrroxanthin an<l srlrro-
o.- ..^ . . ,^ ,„ , . -> ,i-. .». tivity U due to cornuiine, ergotic acid, and
',". ';- -icid), with 25 |icr cent of fixed oil, mycosc, and protein com-
iK.ur, ;

Kr, ! It should be preserved in a

clos« rm should be dropped U[xm it

fmtn lime to lime, to prcvrni ; pmcnt of innctU. Vvhcn more

than one vcar f»ld it is unfit for u

Official Preparations.— V\}x\6vx\T^i\\im Krgota;, Kxtractum Ergotc,
Vintim Ergots.

Otnffama {CeiUian). 'HJde gentinpirrin (whi<h

splits, when heated with ' '>grnin and grafN* sugar),

■"' -"*"' '* " <')|. I"* *'" 't''^ i"'">""^*'>. »"*' •*» little fixed oil.)

Calumba H 'nlumlw). (C)wrs its virtue to rolomhin,

,. „ ' 'i/w, Ixilh of whif h arr ver>' bitter; start h and jrjlom-

bir acid are prraent, with a mufilagr whirfj is often tmublrHomr by
interfering with percolating oi>crali«mH.) {Fldcxt.; Tr.) Quassia.

158 PHARMACY.

(Contains guassin, CjoHijOj, which is intensely bitter and soluble in
both alcohol and water; there are also present resin, mucilage, etc.)
(FldexL; Ext.; Tr.) Chirata. (Contains a bitter glucoside, chiratin,
CzfiH^gOjs, and a very bitter principle, ophelic acid, CigHjoOio.) (Fldext.)
Salicinum {Salicin). (A glucoside, obtained from several species of SaJix
and Populua, which splits into saligenin and sugar under the influence of
dilute acids and heat.) Taraxacum {Dandelion). (Owes its bit-
terness to taraxacin, CgHjgO, an acrid crystalline principle, soluble in
alcohol and water; it also contains pectin, sugar, resin, gum, etc.)
{Fldext.; Ext.) Lappa {Burdock). (Contains a bitter substance,
inulin, sugar, mucilage, etc.) {Fldext.) Convallaria {Lily of the
Valley). (Contains a glucoside, convallarin, which is split into con-
valleretin by the action of dilute acids. Also contains the glucoside coitval-
lamarin, which is the active principle.) {Fldext.) Cusso {Brayera).
(Contains a bitter resinous princi})le, kosin, tannin, gum, sugar, etc.) San-
tonica {Levant Wormseed). (Contains about 2 per cent, of santonin,
resin, volatile oil, gum, etc.) Gossypii Cortex {Cotton Root Bark).
(Contains a yellow resin, which becomes red upon exposure to air, fi.xed
oil, tannin, starch, sugar, etc.) Santalum Rubrum {Red Saunders).
(Contains santalic acid, a resinous substance, pterocarpin, and santol.)

Drugs Containing Saponified Principles, with their Preparations.

Quillaja. {Soap Bark.) (Owes its action to a peculiar principle,
saponin, C32H54O15, a glucoside, splitting upon heating with dilute acids
into sapogenin and sugar.) {Fldext.; Tr.)

Sarsaparilla, U. S. — SarsapariUa. — The dried root of Smilax medico,
Smilax ornata, Smilax papyracece, or a dried root known commer-
cially as Honduras Sarsaparilla, which is probably obtained from
Smilax officinalis, contains a glucoside analogous to, if not identical
with, saponin, termed parillin. When boiled with dilute acids, it splits
into parigcnin and grape sugar.

Official Preparations^ — Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae, Fluidextractum
Sarsaparillae Compositum, Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus.

Senega, U. S. — Settega. — The dried root of Poly gala senega (Fam.
Polygalacece). Senega contains poly gallic acid (sometimes called sene-
gin), fi.xed oil, pectose, etc. Polygallic acid is analogous to, if not identi-
cal with, saponin. Liquid preparations of senega are very apt to gelatin-
ize, owing to the presence of pectin; this is obviated by using water of
ammonia, or other alkali, to dissolve it.

Official Preparations. — Fluidextractum Senegae, Syrupus Senegae.

Drugs Containing Cathartic Principles, and their Preparations.

Senna, U. S. — Senna. — The dried leaflets of Cassia aciitifolia (Alex-
andria Senna), and of Cassia angustijolia (Indian Senna) (Fam. Legu-
minoseo'), contain cathartic acid which, under the influence of dilute
acids and heat, splits into calhartogenic acid and glucose; there are also
present phceoretin, sennacrol, cathartomannit, crysnphan, mucilage,
etc. Cathartic acid is believed to be the chief purgative principle,

DRUGS CONTAINING CATHARTIC PRINCIPLES, ETC. 159

allhoii ' tl of the others possess cathartic properties. Average

0,f..... . i.f .rations. — Fluide.xtractum Sennjc, Infusum Sennae Com-

positum, Syrupus Sennae, Confectio Senna*.

Rheum, U. S. Rhubarb. — The dried rhizome of Rheum officinale^
Rheum palmatum, and the variety Uinf^utitum (Fam. Polygonacetr), or
pn»bably other species of Rheum, grown in China and Thibet, and de-
pri%-ed of most of the bark and carefully dried. Contains chrysophanic
acid, emodin, rhein, rkubarberon, and the resins, erythroretin, phetretin,
and aparetin. The astringent properties of rhubarb arc due to rheo-
tannic acid, C„H^O,^.

Official Preparations. — E.xtractum Rhei, Fluide.xtractum Rhci, Tinc-
tura Rhei, Tinctura Rhei Aromatica, Syrupus Rhei, Syrupus Rhei
\ raticus, Mistura Rhci et Soda, Pulvis Rhei Comjxjsitus, Pilulse
; Compositar.

Chrjtarobinum, U. S. — Chrysarohin. Ca,H„0, = 494.46. — A
neutral principle extracted from (loa Powder, a sul>stance found
dcpOBitra in the wood of Vouacapoua Araroba (Fam. Le^uminosa-). In
its coflnncrrial, more or less impure, form it is commonly misnamed
Clwyioplianic Acid. A pale orange-yellow micro-crystalline powder,
tastden, odorleaft, and irritating to the mucous membrane. {Unguen-

JalMp^f U. S.— Jalap. — The dried tuberous root of Exoganium
Purga (Fam. Corn'otrmlacetr), yielding, when a.«vsayed by the U. S. P.
prorrs*, not lc» than 7 per cent, of total resin, of which not more than
1 5 per cent, should be soluble in ether. Jalap contains from 1 2 to 20 per
rent, of rwin, the ^ater part of which is conx'olvulin, C^jHinoO,,, a
ghiroBkle, insoluble in ether; there are also present gum, sugar, starch,
etc. {Pulv. Com p.; Resin.)

Rluiinntss Purshiana (C'^scara Sagrada). Contains a neutral crys-
talli/-i»''' '■-■" ''\Ac, purshianin, or cascarin, aUo rhamnelin, emodin, and
(krr- i, muns, and tannic, malli* , and oxalic a< ids.

^f^. ; .rations. — Extractum Rhamni Purshianar, Fluidcxtractum

Rhamni I'unhianc, Fluidrxtrartum Rhamni Pun<hiann* Aromaticum.

Alo€, U. S. -{Aloe Barliaden^i!!, Alex- SfK»»trina, Phann. 1890.}—
Thr in^pi*^lrd juke ol the leaves of Aloe xrra. Aloe Chinensis and Aloe
Prrtyi or othr-r ';prrles of Al«ie (Fam. LiJiacetr), contains aloin, emodin,
• trace of and a substance whic h has l)een improjierly called

resin. In Srown or orange-brown to blackish -brown opaque

maAiv^ 'in frafiments; fracture uneven, dull and waxy,

ftnnr loUi and glassy; nomrwhat conchotdal; cKca-

'•"'^ '••••'• crystals <^ aloin; odor characteristic;

doae, 0.350 Gm. (4 f^)-
turn Aloea, Aloe Purificata.

Al' at«, U. S.- Purified Aloes. ~U occur* in irregular,

l'-i«' f a dull bmwn fJt reddUh-limwn color, and having the

•f, aloes. Prepared by melting aloes, adding alcohol

' 'nsistcocy, and straining off the impurities, sand, earth,

160 PHARMACY.

chips, etc., evaporating, and, when cool, breaking the brittle mass into
pieces of a convenient size. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

Official Preparations. — Tinctura Aloes, Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae,
Pilulse Aloes, Pilulse Aloes et Ferri, Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches, Pilulae
Aloes et Myrrhae.

Aloinum, U. S. — Aloin. — A neutral principle obtained from aloes,
varying more or less in chemical composition and physical prop-
erties according to the source from which it is obtained, chiefly prepared
from Curajoa Aloes. A micro-crystalline powder or minute acicular
crystals, lemon-yellow to dark yellow in color, possessing a slight odor
of aloes, an intensely bitter taste, slightly hygroscopic, the air-dried
powder yielding i molecule of water of crystallization at 100° C. (212°
F.). Average dose, 0.015 ^n^- (i g^-)«

Colocynthis, U. S. — Colocynth. — The peeled dried fruit of CitriiUus
Colocynthis (Fam. Cucurbit ace ff) contains colocynthin, colocynth it in,
gum, resin, etc. Average dose, 0.065 G"^- (^ ^•)- Colocynthin is a
very bitter glucoside, splitting, under the action of diluted acids, into
colocynthein and grape sugar. {Ext.; Ext. Comp.)

Elaterinum, U. S. — Elaterin. CgoHjsOj; 345.60. — A neutral prin-
ciple obtained from elaterium, a substance deposited by the juice of
the fruit of Echallium Elaterium (Fam. Cticurbitacece). Minute, white
hexagonal scales or prismatic crystals, permanent in the air; odorless;
having a slightly acrid, bitter taste. Average dose, 0.005 ^"^- (rff
gr.). Prepared from elaterium, a sediment deposited by the juice
of the fruit of the squirting cucumber, by exhausting with alcohol,
evaporating to the consistency of a thin oil, and throwing the residue,
while yet warm, into a weak boiling solution of potassa, by which the
green resin is held in solution, and the elaterin crystallizes out when the
liquor cools. Or it may be made by exhausting elaterium with chloro-
form, and precipitating the elaterin from the chloroform solution by
ether.

Official Preparation. — Trituratio Elaterini.

Tamarindus {Tamarind). Cassia Fistula {Purging Cassia).
(Yields about 25 per cent, of pulp, which contains pectin, sugar, albu-
minous principles, salts, etc.) Ficus {Fig). Prunum {Prune).
(Contains sugar, malic acid, pectin, salts, etc.) Cambogia {Gam-
boge). (A gum-resin obtained from Garcinia Hanburii (Fam. Gutti-
jerce); contains about 75 per cent, of resin, called gambogic acid.)
Scammoniuin {Scammony). (Contains from 80 to 90 per cent, of
resin having cathartic properties, called scammonin, C^flf^O^^', this is
identical with the jalapin obtained from Ipomcea orizabensis.) {Resin.)
Podophyllum {May Apple). (Contains picropodophyllin, podo-
phyllotoxin, and podophyllinic acid.) {Fldext.; Resin.) Leptandra
{Culverts Root). (Contains a crystalline principle, leptandrin, resin,
tannin, saponin, gum, mannit, etc.) {Fldext.) Frangula {Rhamnus
Frangula). (Contains frangulin, CooHjqOjo, sometimes called rhamno-
xanthin, and emodin; both are glucosides.) {Fldext.) Euonymus
{Wahoo). (Contains resins, a bitter principle called euonymin, euonic
acid, starch, asparagin, and pectin.) {Ext.; Fldext.)

DRUGS CONTAINING ASTRINGENT PRINCIPLES, ETC. 161

Drugs Containing Astringent Principles, and their Preparations.

Galla, U. S. — Nuigali. — An cxcrt^stcme on Qurrcus Injrctoria,
caused by the punctures and dcjKJsitcd ova of Cynips tinctotia. Nutgall
contains about 50 per cent, of tannin, 2 jx^r cent, of gallic acid, sugar,
gum, resin, and Stan h. {Tr.; Ungt.)

Acidtun Tannicum, U. S. — Tannic Acid. HC,4H,0,; 319.6.6.
{GaUotannic Acid, Dij^aliic Acid.) — A monobasic organic acid, [CiaH,-
O, . COOH], obtained from nutgall. A light yellowish, amorphous
powder, gradually turning darker when cxiKJseti to air and light, usually
ct^ring in form of glUtcning scales or s|K)ngy masses, odorless, or
having a faint, characteristic odor; stn)ngly astringent taste; acid reac-
tion. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7J gr.). Prepared by e.xjxtting
nutgall, in fine powder, to a damp atmf>sphere for twenty-four
boors, making into a paste with ether, setting the paste aside, covered
cksdy, for six hours, then expressing it powerfully Ix'twcen tinned plates,
so as to obtain the liquid portion. The resulting < ake is again made
into a paste with ether and water, and expressed as before, after which
the ttqiuds are mixed and evafx^rated spontaneously to a syrupy con-
'len ^nead on glass or tin plates, and dried qui( kly in a drying
Water and ether form a sf^luble com[K)und with the tannic acid,
and the ctprcMinn separates it from the paste, after which the ether and
water are driren off by the heat {Gtycer.; Ung't.; Track.)

Addtim Gmllicum, U. S. — Gallic Acid. HQHjOj.HjO; 186.65.
—An orpanir aoM. (r,H,(OH), . COOH + H,0], usually prepared
from '■■" 'k-, or pale fawn-colored, si!ky, interlaced

ncefll< [xrrmanent in the air; odorless; astringent

and Mig.niv ,1 li jM-j. i,;,ir. Prepared by macerating nutgalls (|k)w-
flrred and made into a pastr) with water, for a month, expn*ssing, re-
iecting the expressed liquor, Ixjiling the residue in water, filtering, while
hot. throiti^ animal charcoal, and crystallizing. Average dose, i Gm.

P.rogallol, U. S, — PyrogaJhl. C.H,0, - 125.10. {PyrogaUic

\ triatomic phenol, (C\H,(OH), 1:2: 3I, obtained chiefly by

X gallic acid. Light, white lamliue or fine needles,

' • ing a bitter taste, ac quiring a grayish tint on exposure

.ublimed, the heat converts it into pyrogallic add

S£!^.

C,H,0, + CO^

Pyranllk Carboa

hSST Dknkk.

rio^Ki, TT s.— CTiMiWr. (To fvpl«o^ Catechu, Pham. 1890 ] rPalc

^tnct prepared from the leaves and twip of Ouroupuria

'ubiaum). Irregular maases, or cubes of alxiut 35 Mm.

r; rxtcmally reddish-brown, pale brownish-grav, or light

turr dull-earthv, friable, rrystafUne; inodorous, bfttcrish, y/ery

4r;:igint. with a sweetish after-taMr; free from iliirdi. Average

ifsc, I (;m. (15 gr.). {Tr. Comp.; Troch.)

ti

162 PHARMACY.

Kino. (Contains kino-tannic acid, pyrocatechin, kino-red, kinoin,
gum, etc. Owing to the decomposition of the kinotannic acid, the
liquid preparations frequently gelatinize.) {Tr.) Haematoxylon
{Logwood). (Contains a colorless sweet principle, hematoxylin, C18HJ4O8,
which is reddened upon exposure to light, and turns blackish-purple
upon- contact with alkalies, yielding hcEmatein, CigHijOe . H2O. It also
contains tannin, resin, etc.) {Ext.) Krameria {Rlmtany). (Con-
tains about 18 per cent, of kramerotannic acid, starch, gum, rhatannic
red, etc.) {Ext.; Fldext.; Tr.) Quercus {White Oak). (Contains
about 10 per cent, of tannic acid, with pectin, resin, and brownish-red
coloring matter.) {Fldext.) Rosa Gallica {Red Rose). (Contains
quercitrin and quercitannic acid; the pale red coloring matter is made
bright red by the addition of sulphuric acid.) {Fldext.; Mel.; Conjee;
Syr.) Oleum Rosae. {Ungt.) Rhus Glabra (^Mmac/r). ^nhns {Black-
berry). (Owes its astringent properties to tannic acid.) {Fldext. Syr.)
Geranium {Craneshill). (Contains about 15 per cent, of tannic
acid, with brownish-red coloring matter, starch, sugar, pectin, etc.)
{Fldext.) Hamamelis Cortex {Witchhazel Bark). (Contains tannic
acid, chlorophyl, bitter principle, mucilage, etc.) {Fldext.) Hama-
melidis Folia {Witchhazel Leaves). {Aqua.) Chimaphila {Pip-
sissewa). (Contains about 5 per cent, of tannic acid, with chimaphilin,
ericolin, arbuiin, urson, sugar, gum, etc.) {Fldext.) Uva Ursi {Bear-
berry). (Contains about 6 per cent, of tannic acid, with galUc acid,
urson, arbtitin, ericolin, gum, resin, coloring matter, etc.) {Fldext.)
Salvia {Sage).

ALKALOIDS.

Chemically, many of the vegetable alkaloids are closely related to
pyridine, and some of them may be synthesized, starting from a pyridine
base. They have many properties which show their similarity to am-
monia. They are mostly composed of C, H, N, and O; in some O is
wanting.

Source of Alkaloids : They are found in both the animal and vegeta-
ble kingdoms.

Distinctive Features : First, they all contain N. The non-volatile
alkaloids are mostly solid; the volatile alkaloids are chiefly liquid.
Second, they restore the color of reddened litmus, combine with acids
to form salts, and are precipitated from their saline solutions by alkalies.
Third, they are generally the active principles of the plants in which
they reside, are mostly poisonous, and have a bitter, acrid, or pungent
taste. Fourth, they are mostly crystallizable and colorless, insoluble
in H2O, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, benzin, benzol, and some in ether.
Their salts, however, are mostly soluble in HjO, less so in alcohol; insolu-
ble in chloroform, ether, benzin, and benzol. Fifth, they are mostly pre-
cipitated by one or more of the following reagents: Potassio-mercuric
iodide, gold chloride, tannic acid, phospho-molyhdic acid, and picric acid.

Nomenclature adopted for the Alkaloids: The last syllable should
terminate in ine; the Latin termination is ina; the names of neutral
principles and glucosides end in in.

ALKALOIDS. 163

Opium, U. S.— Opium. — The concrete, milky exudation obtained
by incising unripe capsules of Papaver somnijerum (Fam. Papaveracecr),
and yielding, in its normal moist condition, not less than 9 |>er cent, of
morphine when assayed by the U. S. P. process. {Opii Puh'is; Opium
Gran.)

Two Acids found in Opium combined with the Alkaloids:
Meconic and lactic acids.

Number of Alkaloids Opium contains: Nineteen, of which the
most important is morphine.

Opii Pulyis, U. S. — Powdared Opium. — Opium dried at a tempera-
ture not exceeding 8s** C. (185° F.), and reduced to a very line (No.
80) powder. Should yield not less than 12 nor more than 12.5 per cent.
of arystallized morphine. Average dose, 0.065 Gm. = 65 Mg. (i gr.).

Oficitd Preparations. — Opium Dcodoratum, Acetum Opii, Extractum
Opii, Tinctura Opii Camphorata, Pilulx Opii, Pulvis Ipecacuanha
et Opii, Trochisd Glycyrrhizae et Opii.

Opinm Deodoimtum, U. S. — Deodorized Opium. Opium fn>m which
the narcotine has been extracted with Purified Petroleum Benzin.
Shouki yield not less than 12 per cent, nor more than 12.5 jxrr cent, of
crystallized morphine. /\veragc dose. 0.065 Gm. — 65 Mg. (i gr.).

Oficial Preparation oj ILxtract oj Opium. — Emplastrum Opii.

Opkixn Granulatum, U. S. — Granulated Opium. — Opium dried
at a temperature not exceeding 85° C (185° F.) and reduced to
a coane (No. 20) |>owder. Should yield not less than 12 per cent.
nor more than 12.5 \>cr cent, of cr>stallize<l morphine when assayed by
the U. S. P. pnxcsft. .\vera^ dose, 0.065 Gm. — 65 Mg. (i gr.).

Official Preparations. — Tinctura Opu, Tinctura Opii Dcodorata,
Vinum Opii.

Morpbina, U. S, — Morphint. C„H,^0, -^ H,0; 300.92.— An

aikalniA obtained from Opium. Colorless or white, shining, rhombic

prisms, or fine needles, or a crystalline powder, jK'rmancnt in the air;

odorless; bitter taste. Prepared from an aqueous solution of opium

containing the alkakikl in combination with meconic and lactic acids,

f.v trrating it with alcohol and water of ammonia— the former retaining

ifrins matter, caoutchouc, renin*, etc., in solution, while the latter

r the moq>hine, Ijy combining with the natural acids. The

'hen purified by dissolving in boiling alcohol, filtering through

rcoa( and crystallising. Average dose, 0.10 Gm. — 10 Mg.

Morphinjs Acetas, U. S,— Morphine AcrtaU. C'„lf,^0,C,H/),4-

v> ' 2^> Thr ;v , t ,t. . (CHjCOOH . C,tH,.NO, + jHjO], of

il'.»'l -Ti'.rjhin' \ V i- tf or yellowish-whitr rrvslalllinc or amor-

. i-.-.'I'r, );iv;t;; i fi r.flv acctous odor, a liittcr taste, and a

nrjtr.»: -r f.u-.r:, ilk lii-.. r. I tjrm. Prepare*! by acting on morphine

with .1 rti. .1- .1 Av.r.i^.- .|<r..r, 0.015 Gm. (I gr.).

Morptiinje Hydrochloridtim, U. S,— Morphine IlydrocMoride.
C,,H^NO,. HCI f 311,0; J7a.86. (Morphine Hydmchloras, Pharm.
i890.>— White, silky, glistening needles, mkro-crystalline cubes, or a

164 PHARMACY.

white crystalline powder; permanent in the air; odorless; bitter taste.
Made by acting on morphine with hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloride,
[HCl . CJ7HJ9NO3 + 3H2O], of the alkaloid morphine. Average dose,
0.015 Gm. {\ gr.).

Morphinae Sulphas, U. S.—Morphhie Sulphate. (C,7HipN03)2 . -
H2SO, + 5H2O; 752.83.— The sulphate, [S02(OH)2(C,-H,,N03)2 +
5H2O], of the alkaloid morphine. White, feathery, acicular, silky
crystals; odorless; bitter taste; permanent in the air. Prepared by
acting on morphine with sulphuric acid. Average dose, 0.015 Gm.

(igr.)-

Official Preparation. — Pulvis Morphinae Compositus.

Codeina, U. S.— Codeine. C,8H2iN03 + HjO; 314.83.— An alkaloid,
[C,7H,g(CH3)N03 + HjO], obtained from opium or prepared from mor-
phine by methylation. White or nearly translucent, orthorhomhic
prisms, octahedral crystals, or a crystalline powder; slightly efflorescent
in warm air; odorless; slightly bitter taste. Prepared by precipitating
the hydrochlorates of morphine and codeine with ammonia, codeine
remaining in solution, and afterward obtained by evaporation, crystal-
lization, and purifying by dissolving in hot ether and evaporating
spontaneously. Average dose, 0.030 Gm. {\ gr.).

Codeina Phosphas, U. S. — Codeine Phosphate. -^ C ^^U^i^O:^. -
H3PO4 + 2H2O = 430.0. The phosphate, [PO(OH)3(C,7H,«(CH3)-
NO3) 4- 2H2O], of an alkaloid obtained from Opium, or prepared from
Morphine by methylation. Firm, white, needle-shaped crystals or a
cr}'stalline powder, without odor, and having a bitter taste. Average
dose, 0.030 Gm. {\ gr.).

Codeinae Sulphas, U. S, — Codeine Sulphate. (Ci8H2,N03^2-
H2SO4+ 5H2O = 780.65. The sulphate [S02(OH)2 . (Ci7H,„(Cri3)-
N03)2 + 5H2O] of an alkaloid obtained from Opium, or prepared from
morphine by methylation. Long, glistening, white, needle-shaped crys-
tals, rhombic prisms, or a crystalline powder, efflorescing in the air,
odorless, and having a bitter taste. Average dose, 0.030 Gm. {\ gr.).

Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum, U. S. — Apomorphine Hydrochlor-
ate. C17H17NO2 . HGl = 301.34. [Apomorphinae Hydrochloras, Pharm.
1890.] — The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid prepared from mor-
phine by the abstraction of one molecule of water. Minute grayish-
white, monoclinic prisms, glistening, odorless, having a slightly bitter taste,
and acquiring a greenish tint upon exposure to light and air. Average
dose. Expectorant, 0.002 Gm. (3V gr.); Emetic, 0.005 Gm. (yV gr.)- Pre-
pared by heating morphine in a closed tube, with a great excess of hydro-
chloric acid, for two or three hours, to the temperature of 140° to 150°
C. (284°-302° F.), dissolving the contents of the tube in water, adding
an excess of NaHCOg, and exhausting the precipitate with ether or
chloroform; the addition of HCl now results in crystals of the salt.
The rationale of the process is one of dehydration; the morphine parts
with one molecule of water.

Cinchona, U. S. — Cinchona. {Peruvian Bark.) — The dried bark of
Cinchona Ledgeriana, Cinchona Calisaya, Cinchona officinalis (Fam.

ALKALOIDS. KIT)

Ruhiaceai) and of hybrids of these and of other spedes of cinchona,
3rielding, whan assayed by the U. S. P. process, not less than 5 per cent.
of total anhydrous dnchcxia alkaloids, and at least 4 per cent, of anhy-
drous ether-soluble alkaloids when assayed by the U. S. P. process.
Average dose, i Gm. (15 gr.).

Cinchona Rubra, U. S.^Rrd Cinchona. (Peruvian Bark.)— The
dried bark of the trunk of Cinchona succirubra (Fam. Rubiacea), or
of its hybrids, yielding not less than 5 {x>r cent, of anhydrous cinchona
alkakwds when assay^ by the U. S. P. process. .Average dose, i Gm.

(isp.)-

About twenty alkaloids have been discovered in cinchona bark. Some
of these are found only in one kind of bark; some are, doubtless, "split
products" (alkaloids not existing naturally in the bark, but the result
of the action of chemical agents upon it). The most important alkaloids
found in cinchona are quinine, quiniJine, cinchoninc, and cituhonidine.
The adds |HVsent are kinic or quinic, ciucholannic, and kinovic or quin-
ovic. The neutral principle is kituK'in or quiturvin; cinchonic red,
volatile oil, and red and yellow coloring matters are also present.

Oficial Preparations. — Fluidextractum Cinchona, Tinctura Cinchonxe,
Tinctura Cinchomc Compositxe.

Qainina, U. S, — Quinine. C„H,«N,0, -H 3H,0; 375.46.— .\n alka-
loid obtained from the l>ark of various species of cinchona. Quinine
occurs in the form of a white, flaky, or mirro-cr)'staIline powder; odor-
lesB, having a bitter taste and slightly efllon-scent in di>' air. Prepared
by adding to the add solution of the sulphate, ammonia water or solu-
tion of toda, which predpitates the alkaloid. As quinine is soluble in
■lkalif», carefully avviid excess. Average dose, o. 250 Gm. (4 gr.).

QainiiyB Snlphaa, U. S.— Quinine Sulphate. (C^H„\,0,),I I^SO, . -
7H/>; 866.15.— The sulphate. (SO^OH), . C„H,«X,0, -h 711,0], of the
■Ikalnid quinine. White, silky, light, flexible, glistening crystals, or
hard, prismatic, monoclinic needles, making a very light and easily com-
pmriole mass, odorless, and having a i)crsi.stent, very bitter taste. It
cflumces rapidly when it is expMcd to dry air, and then becomes
histfdess; wnen expOMxl to light, it Siquires a brownish tint, .\venigc
dose, 0.350 Gm. (4 ^.). Prepared by treating yellow dmhona bark
with hydrochloric acid, which forms with the alkaloids soluble hydro-
chlorates; decomposing with lime, which prrdfiitates the alkaloid;
diMulrinc oat the alkaloid from the excess of lime with boiling ah ohol;
rvaporatmg; acidulating with sulphuric adrl. which forms the sulphate,
then porifpng with animal charcoal, and crystallizing.

QuiniMi Bitnlphat, \J. S.—Quinim Bisuiphate. C^HmNsO,.-
Ilyso, + 7H/>; 544.31.— The add sulphate, l.SO,(OH), . c5i»|N,0,+
jll^Oi of the alkaloMl qufaUnc Colorless, transparent or whitish,
orthfjrhombic crystals or small aemdlei, odorless; very bitter taste. It
efllorcscas on expostire to the air, and turns yellow on exposure to the
light Averife dost, 0.950 Gm. (4 gr.). Prepared by acting on ciuinine
sulphate by stUpburlc acid. The bisulphate of qtainine contains 13
per cent, less aUudold than the sulphate

166 PHARMACY.

Quininae Hydrochloridum, U. S. — Quinine Hydrochloride. C20H24-
N2O2 . HCl + 2H2O; 393.76. [Quininae Hydrochloras, Pharm. 1890.]
The hydrochloride, [HCl . C20H24N2O2 + 2H2'0], of the alkaloid quinine.
White, silky, glistening needles; odorless, and having a very bitter taste.
The salt effloresces when exposed to warm air. Average dose, 0.250
Gm. (4 gr.). Prepared by double decomposition between quinine sul-
phate and barium chloride, or by dissolving the alkaloid in dilute HCl,
evaporating, and crystallizing.

Quininae Hydrobromidum, U. S. — Quinine Hydrobromide.
C20H24N2O2 . HBr + 2H2O; 420.06. [Quininae Hvdrobromas, Pharni.
1890.]— The hydrobromide, [HBr. C20H24N2O2 + HjO], of the alkaloid
quinine. White, light, silky needles; odorless, and having a very bitter
taste. The salt effloresces on exposure to the air. Prepared by decom-
posing quinine sulphate in alcohol, with potassium bromide, in water.
K2SO4 crystallizes out, and the hydrobromate may be obtained by evap-
orating and crystallizing. Quinine hydrobromate may also be made
by double decomposition between quinine sulphate and barium bromide,
or by dissolving the alkaloids in hot dilute hydrobromic acid. Average
dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

Quininae Salicylas, U. S. — Quinine Salicylate, 2C20H24N2O2 . CyHjOj-
+ H2O = 935.54.— The salicylate [2C8H4(OH)COOH . C20H24N2O2 +
H2O] of the alkaloid quinine. Colorless needles, permanent in the air,
but on keeping readily assuming a pinkish color. Average dose, 0.050
Gm. (4 gr.). Prepared by double decomposition between solutions of
quinine hydrochloride, and ammonium salicylate.

Cinchoninae Sulphas, U. S. — Cinchonine Sulphate. (Cj9H22N20)2 . -
H2SO4 4- 2H2O ; 717.17. The neutral sulphate [S02(OH)2 . C,9H22N20)2-
-|- 2H2O] of an alkaloid obtained from the bark of several species of
cinchona. White, hard, lustrous, prismatic crj'stals; odorless; perma-
nent in the air; very bitter taste. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

Cinchonidinae Sulphas, U. S. — Cinchonidine Sulphate. (€10^22-
N20)2. H2SO4 + 3H2O; 735.05.— The neutral sulphate, [S02(OH)2 . -
(Ci9H22N20)2 + 3H2O], of an alkaloid of cinchona, obtained from the
bark of several species of cinchona. Odorless; very bitter taste.
White, glistening, silky needles or prisms, permanent in the air. Aver-
age dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

Nux Vomica, U. S. — Nux Vomica. — The dried, ripe seed of
Strychnos N ux-vomica (Fam. LoganacecB), yielding, when assayed by
the U. S. P. process, not less than 1.25 per cent, of strychnine. It con-
tains strychnine, brucine (C23H26N2O4), probably loganin, igasuric acid,
protein compounds, gum, fixed oil, sugar, etc. It owes its activity prin-
cipally to strychnine.

Official Preparations. — Extractum Nucis Vomicae, Fluidextractum
Nucis Vomicae, Tinctura Nucis Vomicae.

Strychnina, U. S. — Strychnine. C21H22N2O2 = 331 •73. — An alka-
loid obtained from Nux Vomica, and also obtainable from other plants
of the LoganiacecB. Colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals, or a
white, crystalline powder; odorless; intensely bitter taste, which is

ALKALOIDS. 167

Still perceptible in a highly dilute (i in 700,000) solution; alkaline
reaction; permanent in the air. Should be tasted with extreme caution.
Prepared by treating nu.x vomica with hydrcx-hloric acid, dccomj)osing
with lime, dissol\-ing out from the excess of lime with boiling alcohol
(the brucine haWng been previously removed by treatment with diluted
alcx^iol), e\-aporating the alcoholic solution, acidulating with H,S04,
to form a sulphate, decolorizing and crj'stallizing, then dissolving the
crystals and precipitating the alkaloid by ammonia water. Average dose,
0.001 Gm. {^ gr.).

Strydmiiue llitras, U. S.— Strychnine Nitrate. C„HaN,0,HNO, -
394.30.-1" [N'OjOH . C„H^jOj of the alkaloid Str>'chnine.

Colorless, needles; odorless, and having an intensely bitter

taste. Shouiii ui utsted with extreme caution. Permanent in the air.
Prepared by dissolving str>'chnine in wann diluted HNO,, evaporating
and crystallizing. Average d<)se, o.ooi Gm. {^ gr.).

Geltemimil. (YeJUrw Jasmine.) (Contains getsemine, C„H„NO„
gelseminic acid, volatile oil, stanh, resin, fat, coloring matter, etc.)
(FIdejd.: Tr.)

PhysottigmA. {Calabar Bean.) (Contains physostigmine or eserine,
C,^-N,0,, an alkaloid; amorphous and without ta.stc; also calabarine,
an alkaloid derived from eserine; and a neutral principle, physosterin;
also starch, protein ctjmix>un<ls, mucilage, etc.) {lixt.; Tr.)

PhyiOtUgmiiMB Salicylas. C,4H„N,0, . C,H,0, « 410.21. (Eserine
Siakylate.y—Thc salicylate IC.H,(OH)COOH . Ci^Hj.N.O,] of an
ftffcplnMJ obtained from physostigma. Prepared by adding 2 per cent.
of phvsostigmine to a solution of i per cent, of salicylic acid in 35 per
rent, boiling distilird water, and alhiwing the salt to cr)'stallize on cool-
ing. Average dose, 0.00 1 Gm. (i*^ gr.).

PhywctigmilUB Sulphas, U. S— Physostigmine Sulphate. (Cj^H^N,
f. I f c/ » . 643.75. (^^M^i»* Sulphate.) — The sulphate (SO,(OH), .-
of an alkaloid obtatne<l from physostigma. Average
a. (g-jgr).

BtlkldolllUB FoUa.— Should yieUl, when as.Hav(*fl by the (J. S. P. pror-
cia, not lew than 0.^5 (*rr cent of mvdriatic alkaloicLn. Average dose,
0.065 Gm. (i gr ). (I-lxt : Emplas.; Tr.; Ungt.)

BtUAdonnJB Radix.- Shtnild >nrld, when aMavcd bv the U. S. P. proc-
caa, not less than 0.45 per cent, of mydriatic alfcaloins Averaae dose,
0.45 Gm. (f gr.). Belladonna owes iu activity to airofine, C„H„NOt,
and a small quantity of kyouyamine; It also contains betUuhnnine.
{PUext.; Urn)

AtropiiM, U. S,—Alro^Me. C„H|,NO.; 387.04.— An alkaloid
obtained from Alrota BeUadonna (Fam. Solanacea), and fn>m other
pianto of the same temily. As it occur>^ i always ac-

companied by a Moall proportioo of hyo^ it c annot

be readily sepanlcd. White rhombic pri,...,, ..,;..:; :;ic direction
r>f the major axis, as they contain more or less hyoscyamine. Odorless;
bitter and acrid taste (it should be tasted with the utmost caution and
oaif in dilute solution), alkaline reaction with litmtis, phenolphthalein.

168 PHARMACY,

and hematoxylin T. S, Average dose, 0.0004 Gm. (yJ^ gr.).
Prepared by treating a concentrated alcoholic tincture of the root with
H2SO4, to convert the atropine into sulphate, distilling off the alcohol,
adding water to the residuary liquid, filtering, to separate oil and resin,
treating the filtrate with potassium hydrate and chloroform — the former
to decompose the sulphate, and evaporating the latter to obtain the
alkaloid.

Official Preparation. — Oleatum Atropinae.

Atropinae Sulphas, U. S.— Atropine Sulphate. (Ci7H23N03)2 .-
H2SO4 = 671.43.— The sulphate [S02(OH)2 . (CnHzaNOs)^ of an
alkaloid obtained from Atropa Belladonna (Fam. Solanacece), and
from other plants of the same family. As it occurs in commerce, it
usually contains a small amount of hyoscyamine sulphate, from which it
cannot be readily separated. A white crystalline powder or micro-
scopical needles and prisms (the form of the latter being probably due
to the hyoscyamine present) ; odorless, bitter, nauseating taste, permanent
in the air. It should be tasted with the utmost caution, and only in
dilute solution. Average dose, 0.0004 Gm. (j^-^ gr.). Prepared by
treating the alkaloid with dilute sulphuric acid, and evaporating at a tem-
perature not exceeding 37.7° C. (100° F.).

Homatropinae Hydrobromidum, U. S. — Homatropine Hydrohro-
mide. CieH^iNOj . HBr = 253.49. The hydrobromide [HBr . CigHj,-
NO3] of an alkaloid obtained by the condensation of atropine and
mandelic acid. A white, odorless, crystalline powder, or rhombic
prisms, having a bitter taste. Average dose, 0.0005 Gm. (y^j gr.).

Scopola. — Should yield, when assayed by the U. S. P. process, not less
than 0.5 per cent, of its alkaloids. Average dose, 0.65 Gm. (J gr.).
(Ext.; Fldext.)

Scopolaminae Hydrobromidum, U. S. — Scopolamine Hydrobro-
mide. CiyHjjNO^ . HBr. + 3H2O = 434.92. — The hydrobromide
[HBr . Cj7H2iN04 + 3H2O] of an alkaloid obtained from plants of the
Solanacece, chemically identical with hyoscine hydrobromide (see Hy-
oscinae Hydrobromidum). Average dose, 0.0005 Gm. {j\j gr.).

Hyoscyamus. {Henbane.) — Should yield, when assayed by the U. S.
P. process, not less than 0.08 per cent, of mydriatic alkaloid. Hyoscyamus
contains hyoscyamine,* C17H23NO3; hyoscine, C17H23NO3; hyoscypicrin,
C27H52O14; chlorophyl, mucilage, extractive matter, etc. Average dose,
0.250 Gm. (4 gr.). {Ext.; Fldext.)

Hyoscinae Hydrobromidum, U. S. — Hyoscine Hydrobromide.
Ci7H2jN04HBr + 3H2O = 434.92. [Hyoscinae Hydrobromas, Pharm.
1890.]— The hydrobromide [HBr . Ci7H2iN04 + 3H2O] of an alka-
loid chemically identical with scopolamine, obtained from hyoscy-
amus and other plants of the Solanacece. Colorless, transparent, rhombic
crystals, sometimes of large size; odorless, and having an acrid, slightly
bitter taste; slightly efflorescent. Average dose, 0.0005 Gm. (y^g gr.).

Hyoscyaminae Hydrobromidum, U. S. — Hyoscyamine Hydrobro-
mide. [Hyoscyaminae Hydrobromas, Pharm. 1890.] CJ7H23NO3 . HBr
= 367.40. — The hydrobromide [HBr. CJ7H23NO3] of an alkaloid

ALKALOIDS. 109

obtained from h>*06cyainus and other plants of the Solamufet.
White, prismatic ci^'stals, or a yellowish, amorphous, rcsin-like mass,
having, particularly when damp, a tobacco-like odor, and an acrid,
nauseous, and bitter taste; deliquescent on exposure to the air. .Average
dose, 0.0005 Gm. (,J, gr.).

Hyoscymmiiue Sulphas, U. S. — Hyoscyamine SulphaU. (C^Ha-
N0,),H,S04 - 671.43. — The neutral sulphate [SO,(OH),. (C„-
Ha>IO,)J of an alkaloid obtained from hyoscyamus and other plants
• •f the Solanace<t; white, indistinct cr)staLs, or a white |)<)wder, deliques-
trnt on exposure to the air; cnlorless, having a bitter and acrid taste
and a neutral reaction. Prepared by heating an acidulated tincture of
the seeds, after separating the fixed oil, with s«xla, precipitating with
tannin, mixing the preiipitate with lime, exhausting with alcohol, acidu-
lating, concentrating, agitating with ether, tt> remove coloring matter
and oil, afterward decolori/Jng and rei r>'stallizing. Average dose, 0.0005
<ini. (xligr.).

Stnitnonhiin —Should yield, when assayed by the U. S. P. process,
DOC leas than 0.35 per cent, of mvdriatic alkaloids. Average dose,
oMbs Gm. (i gr.). (Ext.; Fldext.; fr.; Ungt.)

PiloCtfpOt. (JaborandL) — Should rield. when assayed by the U.
S. P. proccsa, not leas than 0.5 per cent, of alkaloids. Pilocarpus
coolains pUocar^ne, C„H,^,0„ jahorinr, ('i,H„N,Oj„ and volatile oil,
consistiog prinapally of diptntitu, C?,o''m> ^ leqM*ne. (Fldrxl.)

POocarpilue Hjdrochloridum, \5.S. — PiUtcarpinf Hydrochhridr.
CpHigN/^HO; 248-81. [Piloiarinna? Hydrcx hloras. Pharm. i8qo.]
The ^(bocliloride [HCl . (\|H,«N,OJ of an alkaloid obtained from Pilo-
carpus. Coloricaa, or white, transparent cr>'stals, odorles.s, and having a
faintly bitter taste; deliqucMent on exposure to the air. Average dose,
3.0I0 Gm. {\ gr.). PrrfNired by treaUng pilocar])inc with dilute HCl,
mncentrating, and crystallizing.

PilocarpinjB Ultras, U. S.— Pilocarpine Nitriu. r„H„N,0,.-
H.VO, - 269.20. The nitrate [NO,OH . (*„H,^\',0,J of an alkaloid ob-
tained from pilocarpus. Colorless, or white shining c rystals; odorless,
and IwTiM a isintly bhtrr taste; permanent in the air. Prefiared by
adding pflutaipinc to dilute HNO^ rva|iorating ami cr>'stalli/Jng.
Averafe doae, 0.010 Gm. (I gr.).

ColcMd ComUM.— Should yield, when assayed by the U. S. P. process,
miC leas than 0.35 per cent of cok hicin. Average dcwe, 0.250 (# m. (4 gr.).

Cokhid 8«aMB« U. S.—Cakkkum Smi, The seed of Cnkhicnm
amIumnaU, yielding, when siayrd by the U. S. P. proems, not less
than 0.45 per rent, of cokfaidne. Averaor d(«e. 0.200 Gm. (3 gr.).
C^okhirum contains the alkaloid coUkuine, brHh in corm and seed. In
the former there are pfttent stanh, gum, fat. sugar, rrsin, etc In the
latter a (ucd oil b found in addilino to the other prinri(>lrH. The alka-
loid may be eatrarted hy d^esting the srrds in hot alcohol withr>ut
powdering thrm. {Exl.; Fldext.; fr.; Vin)

CalchkinA, U. ^-CoUhUine ('wH^NO, - 996.35.— An alka-
loid obtained frrim rr.|«hi*um f ' How leaflets, or a pale yt\-

170 PHARMACY.

low, amorphous powder, turning darker on exposure to light, having an
odor suggesting damp hay, and a very bitter taste. Average dose, 0.0005
Gm. (yig gr.).

Veratrum. {American liellehore.) — (From Veratrum viride, or Vera-
trum Album.) Contains the alkaloids jervine, pseudojervine, and ruhi-
jervine, protoveratrine, and protoveratridine, jervic acid, also resins, starch,
coloring matter, etc. Average dose, 0.125 ^n^- (2 gr.). {Fldext.; Tr.)

Veratrina, U. S. — Veraiine. — A mixture of alkaloids obtained
from the seeds of Asagrcea officinalis (Fam. Liliacece), occurring in the
form of a white or grayish-white, amorphous powder; odorless and
causing intense irritation and sneezing when even a minute quantity
reaches the nasal mucous membrane; of acrid taste, leaving a sensation
of tingling and numbness on the tongue. It should be tasted with great
caution. Slightly hygroscopic in moist air. Average dose, 0.002 Gm.
irh gr.). Prepared by exhausting the seeds with alcohol, recovering
the alcohol by distillation, diluting the residuary liquid, which contains
veratrine in its neutral combination with veratric acid, with water, to
precipitate the resin, filtering, adding potassa or ammonia to precipitate
the alkaloid, redissolving, decolorizing, and reprecipitating.

Official Preparations. — Oleatum Veratrinae, Unguentum Veratrinae.

Sanguinaria. (Bloodroot.) — Contains sanguinarine, CigHj^NO^; a
colorless alkaloid which yields bright red salts; another unnamed alka-
loid; also malic and citric acid, starch, resins, coloring matter, etc,
{Fldext.; Tr.)

Staphisagria. {Stavesacre.) — Contains three alkaloids, delphinine,
delphisine, and delphinoidine, also staphisain, with fixed oil, protein com-
pounds, etc. {Fldext.)

Aconitum,U. S. {Aconite.) — Should yield, when assayed by the U.
S. P. process, not less than 0.5 per cent, of aconitine. Aconite contains
aconitine, C34H47NOU, and picraconitine , CjjH^gNO,^. Aconitic acid,
HgCgOe, is present, together with resin, sugar, fat, coloring matter, etc.
Average dose, 0.065 Gm. (i gr.).

Aconitina, U. S. — Aconitine. — Ca^H^^NOji = 640.55. — An alkaloid
obtained from aconite. It should be kept in amber-colored, well-
stoppered vials. Colorless or white rhombic tables or prisms, possessing
no odor, permanent in the air, and producing, in extremely diluted solu-
tions, a characteristic tingling sensation when brought in contact with
the mucous surfaces of the tongue or lips. The alkaloid itself should
never he tasted, and its solutions only when largely diluted, and then with
the utmost caution. Average dose, 0.00015 G"^- (tjo g^-)-

Official Preparations. — Fluidextractum Aconiti, Tinctura Aconiti.

Hydrastis, U. S. — Hydrastis. {Golden Seal.) — Should yield, when
assayed by the U. S. P., not less than 2.5 per cent, of hydrastine.
Hydrastis contains hydrastine, C21H21NO6; berberine, C20HJ7NO4; cana-
dine, CgoHjjNO^, sugar, starch, resin, coloring matter, etc. Average dose,
2 Gm. (30 gr.).

Official Preparations. — Fluidextractum Hydrastis, Tinctura Hydrastis,
Glvceritum Hvdrastis.

ALKALOIDS. 171

Hydnudiu, U. S.— //yrfraj/iW— C»H„NO, - 380.32.— An aUuOoid
obtained from hydrastis. White to creamy white, glistening prisms,
sometimes of a Urge size, possessing a bitter taste, and permanent in the
air. Prepared by adding HCl or H^SO, to an alcoholic tincture, the
berberine precipitating (crystalline); ammonia is then added to the
filtered mother liquors, an<l the precipitated hydrastine b purifie<l by
recrystalKarion, Average dose, o.oio Gm. (| gr.).

HjdmtillilUB HydroclUoridtim, U. S. — H ydrasHninf Hydrochio-
rAif.— C„H„NO^CI - 223.88. [Hvdrastinina? Hydrochloras, Phann.
i8qo.}— The hvdrcjchloride [HCl . C„H„NOJ of an artificial alkaloid
derived from Hydrastine. Light-yellow needles, or a yellowish-white
crystalline powder; odorless, and having a bitter taste. .Average dose,
0.030 Gm. (J gr.).

Berberis. {Brrbens aqui folium, and other spedes of Berberis.) —
Contains berberine, C,^,,N04, and oxyacanthine. {Fldext )

Gnmatttin. {Pomegranate.) — Contains four alkaloids: pelletierine
(pnmicime), iso pelletierine, methyl pelletierine, pseudo pelletierine. The
firrt three are liquid, the latter solid and cr)stalline. The drug also
contains punico-tannic acid, C,oH|a<^)u. sugar, mannit, pectin, gum, etc.
Average dose, 2 Gm. (30 gr.). {Fldext.)

Mtetterina Tannas, U. S.— Pelletierine Tannate.—.\ mixture
in vanring proportions of the tannates of four alkaloids (punicine,
iiopanKin'* '"•••hyl-punicinc, and pseudopunicine) obtained from
Pmmica ' A tight yellow, ooorleaa, amor})hous powder, having

anastrir. . and a weak acid reaction. Average dose, 0.250 (im.

(4 gr).

Pluvini. (Parrira Brava.) — Contains pelosine, or cissampeline,
which is identical with buxine and berberine, alkaloids obtaine<l fn>m
BuxuM tempernrems and Nectandra Rodieti. Average dose, 2 C«m.
CPgr)-

Iptcamanha, U. S.— /*e«af.— The dried root, to which may
be attached a portion of the Mrm not exceeding 7 Cm. in length of
Cepkailit i pe<4uuanha (Fam. Rubiaeea), known < (immenially a.«% Rio,
BraaUiam^ or Pata ipecac, or the corrr»|ionding {Mirtion of C. acuminata,
known oommerdaOy at C^rtkagena ipieae, yielding, when assayed by the
U.S.?. proccM, not lot than 1.75 per cent, of ipecac alkaloids. Ipecac
rantaiM cmetioe, CJHJt4/>^ ttpkaUime, C«H«^,C),. and psychoirine,
ipccaoMinhir add, pectin, starch, resin, sugar, etc. Average dose,
Rxpeclorant. 0.065 Gm. (1 gr.); Emetic, 1 Gm. (15 gr.). {PIdtxt.; Syr.;
Tr. I. H Opii; Vim.; Pith. /. H Opii.)

Coca. (E07Uinfxyhm.)ShtH^ yieM, when a«tayed by the U. S. P.
process, not Ins than 0.5 per crnL of the ether-soluble alkaloids of coca.
All f Iff dose, a Gm. (jo gr.). Erytkraxyhm toca contains coeaine,
C„l1aNO« and kygrim combined with tannic add. (FIdext.; Vin.)

Cocaioa, U. 8,— Caw^ar. Cj,fL|NO« - 300.9a.— An aUudoid

fr.H ,C^gCO)NO.COOCHJ obuScd from several varieties of

I.,arfr, colorfeM, foar-sidMl, monoclinic priaBt^ having a slightly

172 PHARMACY.

bitter taste, and producing on the tongue a temporary numbness. Aver-
age dose, 0.030 Gm. (^ gr.). (Olfatum.)

Cocainae Hydrochloridum, U. S. — Cocaine Hydrochloride. Cj-Hji-
NO« . HCl; 337.10.— The neutral hydrochloride [HCl . CgHialCgHsCO)-
NO . COOCH3] of an alkaloid obtained from several varieties
of coca. Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, flaky, lustrous
leaflets, or a white, crystalline powder, permanent in the air. Odor-
less, saline, slightly bitter taste, producing upon the tongue a tingling
sensation, followed by numbness of several minutes' duration.
Average dose, 0.030 Gm. (^ gr.).

Guarana. — Contains caffeine, CgHioN^Oj, about 25 per cent, of tan-
nin, resin, starch, volatile oil, saponin, etc. Average dose, 2 Gm. (30 gr.).
(Fldext.)

Caffenia, U. S.— Caffeine. CgHioN^O.. + HjO; 210.64. (Theine.)
— A feeble basic substance [C5H(CH3)3N402] obtained from the dried
leaves of Thea sinensis (Fam. Ternstrcemiacecp), or from the dried
seeds of the Coffea arabica (Fam. Ruhiacece); found also in other
plants. White, flexible, silky, glistening needles, usually walled together
in fleshy masses; permanent in the air; odorless, bitter taste, detained
from a decoction of tea or coffee by precipitating with lead acetate,
removing the lead by HjS, adding NH4HO, evaporating, and recrys-
tallizing. Average dose, 0.065 Gm. (i gr.).

Caffeina Citrata, U. S. — Citrated Caffeine. — A white powder; odor-
less; having a slightly bitter, acid taste, and an acid reaction; prepared
by adding caffeine to a solution of citric acid, evaporating and re-
ducing the product in powder. Average dose, 0.125 Gm. (2 gr.).

Caffeina Citrata Effervescens, U. S. — Effervescent Citrated Caffeine.
— An effervescing, coarse, granular powder, prepared by intimately
mixing citric acid, citrated caffeine, and tartaric acid, then thoroughly
incorporating sodium bicarbonate, heating the mixture in an oven (93°-
104° C; i99°-2i9.2° F.), when moist rubbing through No. 6 tinned
iron sieve, and drying, not above 54.4° C. (129.2° F.).

Conium. {Hemlock.) — Should yield, when assayed by the U. S. P.
process, not less than- 0.5 per cent, of conium. After being kept for
more than two years, *conium is unfit for use. Average dose, 0.200
Gm. (3 gr.). Conium contains canine, CgHj^N; conhydrine, CgHj^NO;
and methylconine, CgHigCHjN; also a little volatile oil and fixed oil.
Conine is a liquid volatile alkaloid containing no oxygen, and with an
odor resembling that of the urine of mice. {Fldext.)

Spigelia, U. S. — Spigelia. {Pinkroot.) — Contains a bitter principle,
a liquid alkaloid, spigeline, a resin, and a trace of volatile oil, with
tannin and wax. {Fldext.)

Scoparius. {Broom.) — Contains sparteine, sl colorless liquid alka-
loid, also a glucoside, scoparin, which probably represents the diuretic
and purgative action of the drug.

Sparteinae Sulphas, U. S.— Sparteine Sulphate. CifiHzgNz . HjSO^
+ 5H2O = 419.26.— The sulphate [S02(OH)2 . CigHaeNj + sH^O] of
an alkaloid obtained from Scoparius; colorless, rhombohedral crystals,

PRODUCTS FROM ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 173

or a aysUUific powder; odorlrss, and having a slightly saline and some-
what bitter taste. H\-gro5coptr. Average dose, o.oio Gm. {{ gr.)-

Lobelia. — Contains lobeline, hbelk acid, loheiccrin, wax, resin, gum,
etc. LoMme is a liquid alkaloid, and contains no ox}'gen. The aver*
age doBC of lobelia is 0.5 Gm. (7 J gr.). i^FUUxt.; Tr.)

PRODUCTS FROM ANIMAL SUBSTANCES.

The animal products of pharmaceutical interest arc not numerous,
but some of them are very important.

Official Products Derived from the Class Mammalia.
Adeps, U. S. — iMrd. — The prepared internal fat of the abdomen
of the hog (Sus scroja, var. domrsticui), purified by washingr melting,
and straining. I^rd sliould Ijc preserved in securely closed vessels, im-

Cr^ious to fat, and in a cool place. It is a soft, white, unctuous solid,
ving a faint odf>r free from rancidity, and a bland taste. Insoluble
in water; very slir*^ '' ' blc in alcohol; readily soluble in ether,
chloroform, carbor i , or petroleum benzin. Sp. gr., about

o.Qi7at 15® C. (7; : . ... i about 0.904 at 40** C. (104° F); water
at IS* C. (77* F.) taken as the standard. It melts at 38° to 40° C.
(100.4° to 104* F.) to a perfectly clear liquid, which Is colorless in thin
laym and from which an aqueous layer shciuld not separate.

Adept Benzoinattis, U. S. — BenxoinaU'd Lard. — Benzoin 20 Gm.,
I^rd 1000 Gm. ^l:vnt benzoated lard Ls to be kept or usefl during
warm weather 5 per cent, (or more if necessary) of the lanl should be
replaced with white wax.

Oteitm Adipua, U. 8,— Lard Oti.—A fixed oil expressed from lard
at a low temperature.

Adept Lane, V. 8.— IToo/Fa/.— The purified fat of the woo!
of sheep (Oi-i- ''fed from water. AT

light, peculiar cxior.

whli, laii^ quaniiur^ >>i water, sparingly wn]u

soluble in hot akohol, rradfly soluble in eth<

at about 40* C. (i04» F.), and at a higher tt-.., -i-;^ ..ii.....! ., lUc

vapor i|p»iting and burning with a htminoya, sooty flame.

Adepa Laiui HydrOMt, V. 8. —Hydnm Wod-Fai.—llw purified
fat I c4 sheep, Ovis aries, mixer! with not more than 30 per

rer:' A yelknrish-white. or nearly white, ointment-like mass,

having a (auit, peculiar odor, losotuble in water, liut miadble with twice
its wdght of the latter without losfaig its ointment-like character.

StTVOi PreperaftiiB, U. S.—Prrptirrd SuH. (Sevum, Pharm. 1890.I
— The internal fat td the aUlcimen <»f the nheep, Ovis ariet, purified
hf meltiog and straining. Suet should be kept in well-closed veiaeb
hnpenrioas to fat. It sbouid not be used after It haa beoome randd
It Is a wMir, soNd fat; ncsrfir inodorotia, graduallir becomtog nmdd on
toair; bhnd

174 PHARMACY.

Pancreatinum, U. S. — Pancreatin. — A mixture of the enzymes
naturally existing in the pancreas of warm-blooded animals, usually
obtained from the fresh pancreas of the hog {Sus scroja, var. domesticus) ,
or the ox {Bos taurus), and consisting principally of amylopsin, myopsin,
trypsin, and steapsin, and proved to be capable, when assayed by
the U. S. P. process, of converting not less than twenty-five times its
own weight of starch into substances soluble in water. A cream-colored
amorphous powder, having a faint, peculiar, not unpleasant odor, and
a somewhat meat-like taste. Prepared by slicing the fresh pancreas,
kneading with water, straining, and precipitating with alcohol. Average
dose, 0.500 Gm. (7J gr.).

Gelatinum, U. S. — Gelatin. — The purified air-dried product of
the hydrolysis of certain animal tissues, as skin, ligaments, and bones,
by treatment with boiling water.

Gelatinum Glycerinatum, U. S. — Glycerinaled Gelatin. — Gelatin
100 Gm.; Glycerin 100 Gm.; Water. Pour upon the gelatin sufhcient
water, previously boiled and cooled, to cover it; pour off, drain, trans-
fer to lined dish, add glycerin, dissolve by heat, strain, continue heat
until product weighs 200 Gm. When cold, cut in pieces; preserve.
For making Suppositoria Glycerinae. (See Suppositoria, Part II.)

Glandulae Suprarenalis Siccae, U. S. — Desiccated Suprarenal Glands.
— The suprarenal glands of the sheep {Ovis aries) or ox {Bos taurus),
freed from fat, and strained, dried and powdered. Average dose, 0.250
Gm. (4 gr.). Contains the alkaloids, epinephrine, CjHjgOjN (Abel);
adrenaline, C10HJ5NO3 {Takamine); and suprarenine, CgHjgNOs (Fiirth).

Glandulae Thj^oidea Siccae, U. S. — Desiccated Thyroid Glands. —
The thyroid glands of the sheep, freed from fat, and cleaned, dried and
powdered. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.). The active principle is
thyroidin.

Pepsinum, U. S. — Pepsin. — A proteolytic ferment or enzyme ob-
tained from the glandular layer of the fresh stomach of the hog {Sus
scrofa, var. domesticus), and proved to be capable, when assayed by the
U. S. P. process, of digesting not less than 3000 times its own weight
of freshly coagulated and disintegrated egg albumin. Lustrous, white,
pale yellow, or yellowish, transparent or translucent scales or grains or
a fine white or cream-colored amorphous powder, free from any offensive
odor, and having a slightly acid or saline taste. Prepared by ShefTer's
process. The mucous membrane of hogs' stomachs is macerated with
HjO, acidulated with HCl, strained, clarified by standing, decanted, and
then the pepsin precipitated with NaCl. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

Assay of Pepsin (U. S.P. process). — Pepsin o.i Gm.; Egg albumin
10 Gm.; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and Distilled Water of each a
sufficient quantity. Mix 9 Cc. of diluted hydrochloric acid with 291 Cc.
of distilled water, and dissolve the pepsin in 150 Cc. of the acid liquid.
Immerse a hen's egg, which should be fresh, during fifteen minutes in
boiUng water; remove the pellicle and all of the yolk; rub the white,
coagulated albumin through a clean No. 40 sieve. Reject the first
portion that passes through the sieve, and place 10 Gm. of the succeed-

PRODUCTS FROM ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 175

ing portion in a wide-mouthed bottle of loo Cc. capacity. Add 20 Cc.
of the acid liquid, and with the aid of a glass rod tipped with cork or
black rubber tubing, completely disintegrate the albumin; then rinse
the rod with 15 Cc. more of the acid liquid and add 5 Cc. of the solution
of pepsin. Cork the bottle securely, invert it three times, and place
it in a water-bath that has previously been regulated to maintain a tem-
perature of 52° C. (125.6° F.). Keep it at this temperature for two
and one-half hours, agitating every ten minutes by inverting the bottle
once. Then remove it from the water-bath, add 50 Cc. of cold distilled
water, transfer the mi.xture to a narrow graduated cylinder, and allow
it to stand for half an hour. The deposit of undissolved albumin should
not then measure more than i Cc.

The relative proteolytic power of pepsin stronger or weaker than that
just described may be determined by ascertaining, through repeated
trials, the quantity of the above pepsin solution required to digest, under
the prescribed condition, 10 Gm. of boiled and disintegrated egg albu-
min. Divide 15,000 by this quantity expressed in Cc. to ascertain how
many parts of egg albumin one part of the pepsin will digest.

Moschus, U. S. — Musk. — The dried secretion from the preputial
follicles of Moschus moschijerus contains cholestcrin, ammonia, an acid
principle, wax, fat, albuminous and gelatinous principles, and an odorous
matter not yet determined. Average dose, 0.250 Gm. (4 gr.).

Official Preparation. — Tinctura Moschi.

Acidum Lacticum, U. S. — Lactic Acid. CH3 . CHOHCOOH
— 89.37. A colorless, syrupy liquid, odorless, of a purely acid taste,
and absorbing moisture on exposure to damp air. Sp. gr. about 1.206
at 25° C. (77° F.), Average dose, 2 Cc. (30 itr). Composed of not less
than 75 per cent., by weight, of absolute lactic acid and about 25 per
cent, of water.

Lactic acid is made from sour milk, cheese, meat juice, lactin, and
from many vegetable products. Cane sugar is treated with sulphuric
acid, so as to convert it into in-^ert sugar, solution of caustic soda added,
and the mixture heated until it ceases to precipitate Fehling's solution;
showing the absence of .sugar. Sulphuric acid is added, and the sodium
sulphate formed is crystallized out, an addition of alcohol causing the
prcdpitation of the remainder. The alcoholic liquid contains impure
lactic acid; one-half of it is heated and zinc carlM)natc added until
cfTcrvcscence ceases; the other half of the alcoholic liquid is now addcfl
and the whole allowed to ccxil. Zinc la(tatc crystallizes out; this, by
treatment with hydrosulphuric acid, yields zinc sulphide, lactic acicl
remaining in solution.

Saccharum Lactis, U. S. — Sugar of Milk. C.jHjjO,, . H,0;
359.16. — A peculiar, cr>'stalline sugar obtained from the whey of cow's
milk by cvajwration and purified by recrystallization (sec also under
sugars).

Fel Bovia, U. S. — Ox Gall. — The fresh bile of Bos taurus contains
glycocholic acid, Cj^H^jNO.; taurocJwlic acid, C^N^NSO,; hyogly-
cocholic acid, C^iia^O^, hyotaurocholic acid, C„\\^^Ny.O^, and clieno-
kturocholic acid, O^H^NSO,. A brownish-grccn or dark-grccn,

176 PHARMACY.

somewhat viscid liquid, having a peculiar, unpleasant odor; a disagree-
able, bitter taste, and a neutral or faintly alkaline reaction; sp. gr.
i.oi5-i.o25at25°C. (77°F.).

Fel Bovis Purificatum, U. S.— Purified Ox Gall.— Fresh Ox
Gall 300 Cc; Alcohol 100 Cc. Evaporate the ox gall in a porcelain
capsule, on a water-bath, to 100 Gm., then add the alcohol, mix
thoroughly, and let it stand, well covered, for three or four days.
Decant the clear solution, filter the remainder, and, having mixed the
liquids and distilled off the alcohol, evaporate to a pilular consistence.
A yellowish-green soft solid; peculiar odor; partly sweet and partly
bitter taste. Average dose, 0.500 Gm. (7^ gr.).

Cetaceum, U. S.— Spermaceti. — A peculiar, concrete, fatty sub-
stance obtained from the head of the sperm whale, Physeter macro -
cephalus. The solid fat obtained after separating the olcin by pressure,
and recrystallized from alcohol, is cetin. On evaporation the alcohol
cetin-elain is obtained. White, somewhat translucent, slightly unctuous
masses of a scaly, crj'stalUne fracture and a p)carly lustre, with a very
faint odor and a bland, mild taste. It becomes yellowish and rancid on
prolonged exposure to air. Sp. gr. 0.938 to 0.944 at 25° C. (77° F.),
0.843 at ioo°C. (212° F.). Melting-point 45° to 50° C. (113° to r22°
F.). Spermaceti is a mixture of various fats, which, when saponified,
yield cetin-elaic acid, an acid resembling, but distinct from, oleic acid.
The cetin is essentially cetyl palmitate, C,QH33(CjfiH3i02). There are small
amounts of fats containing stearic acid, CjgHggC^j; ntyristic acid, Cj^Hj^O;
and laiiro-stearic acid, CJ2H24O2, and the alcohol radicals corresponding
to these acids.

Official Preparation. — Ceratum Cetacei.

Serum Antidiphtheriticum, U. S. — Antidiphtheritic Serum. —
Diphtheria Antitoxin. — A fluid evaporated from coagulated blood of a
horse, Equus cahallus, immunized through the inoculation of diph-
theritic toxin. It should be kept in sealed glass containers, in a dark
place, at temperatures between 4.5° and 15° C. (40° to 69° F.). A
yellowish or yellowish-brown, transparent or slightly turbid liquid, odor-
less, or having a slight, odor due to the presence of the antiseptic used
as a preservative. Sp. gr. 1.025 to 1.040 at 25° C. (77° F.). Average
dose, 3000 units. Immunizing dose for well person, 500 units.

Official Products of the Class Pisces.

Oleum Morrhuae, U. S. — Cod-liver Oil. {Oleum Jecoris Aselli.)
— A fixed oil obtained from the fresh livers of Gadus morrhua, and of
other species of Gadus.

Preparation.— HesLt the livers in a wooden tank by means of low-
pressure steam, and drain off the oil. In the case of the finest varieties,
the oil, which is made only in the winter months, is drawn off by taps
from the bottom of the cooking tank, and then put into a cooling house
to freeze. The solid frozen mass is put into canvas bags, and sub-
mitted, while at a low temperature, to severe pressure, whereby the pure
oil is expressed. This constitutes the light oil of commerce. Cod-liver
oil consists chiefly of olein, some palmitin, and stearin, with minute

PRODUCTS FROM ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 177

traces of iodine, chlorine, bromine, phosphorus, and sulphur. Oleum
Morrhuae is a colorless or pale-yellow, thin, oily liquid; sp. gr. 0.918-
0.922; peculiar, slightly fishy, but not rancid odor; bland, fishy taste;
faintly acid reaction.

Official Preparations. — Emulsum Olei Morrhuae, Emulsum Olei Mor-
rhua* cum Hy{>ophosphitibus.

Official Products of the Class Insecta.

Cantharis, U. S. — Cantharides. {Spanish Flies.) — The beetle,
Cantharis vcsicatoria, thoroughly dried at a temperature not exceeding
40° C. (104° F.). Cantharides owe their blistering properties to can-
tharidin, C,oH,204, a white substance, in the form of crystalline scales,
of a shining micaceous appearance; inodorous; tasteless. Average dose,
0.030 Gm. (igr.).

Official Preparations. — Ceratum Cantharidis, Collodium Cantharide,
Tinctura Cantharidis.

Coccus, U. S. — Cochineal. — The dried female insect, Pseudococcus
cacti, owes its red color to carminic acid, CnW^^O^Q. It contains mucilage,
fat, inorganic salts, etc.

Cera Alba, U. S.— White Wax. — Yellow wax bleached. A
yellowish-white solid, somewhat translucent in thin layers, having a
faint, characteristic odor, and nearly tasteless. Sp. gr. 0.950 to 0.960
at 25** C. (77° F.). It is somewhat brittle when cold, and when broken
presents a dull, granular, not crystalline fracture, but becomes plastic
by the heat of the hand. It melts at 64°-65° C. (i47.2°-i49° F.).

Cera Flava, U. S. — Yellow Wax. — A solid substance prepared
from the honeycomb of the bee, Apis mellifica. A yellowish to brown-
ish-yellow solid, having an agreeable, honey-like odor and a faint,
balsamic taste. Sp. gr. 0.951 to 0.960 at 25° C. (77° F.). Melting-
point, 62° to 64° C. (143.6° to 147.2° F.). It is somewhat brittle when
cold, and when broken presents a dull, granular, not crystalline fracture.
By the heat of the hand it becomes plastic.

Beeswax is a mixture of three different substances, which may be
separated from one another by alcohol, viz.: i, myricin, insoluble in
boiling alcohol, and consisting chiefly of myricil jjalmitatc, C';„Hf,,-
(CwH«0,), which is a comjxjund of palmitic acid, C^H^jO,, and myricyl
aUohtH, C^H„0; 2, cerotic acid, CjyHg^Oj (formerly callcfi ccriii when
obtainH only in an impure state), which is dissolved by l)oiling ah ohol,
buf ' ',-^ out on ctx)ling; 3, cerolein, which remains fliss«)lved in

th' '>lic liquid. This latter is probably a mixture of fatty acids,

as inaitatcu by its acid reaction to litmus paper. — (Remington.)

M

UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY.

By permission of T. C. MEN
TABLES FOR CONVERTING U. S. WEIGHTS

LINEAR.

Inches to millimetres.

Feet to metres.

Yards to metres.

Miles to
kilometres.

I =

25.4000

0.304801

0.914402

1.60935

2 =

50.8001

0.609601

1.828804

3.21869

3 =

76.2001

0.914402

2.743205

4.82804

4 =

101.6002

1. 219202

3.657607

6.43739

5 =

127.0002

1.524003

4.572009

8.04674

6 =

152.4003

1.828804

5.48641 I

9.65608

7 =

177.8003

2.133604

6.400813

11.26543

8 =

203.2004

2.438405

7.315215

12.87478

9 =

228.6004

2.743205
SQUARE.

8.229616

14.48412

Square inches to

Square feet to

Square yards to

Acres to

square centimetres.

square decimetres.

square metres.

hectares.

I =

6.452

9.290

0.836

0.4047

2 =

12.903

18.581

1.672

0.8094

3 =

19-355

27.871

2.508

I.214I

4 =

25.807

37.161

3-344

1. 6187

5 =

32.258

46.452

4. 181

2.0234

6 =

38.710

55.742

5.017

2.4281

7 =

45.161

65.032

5-853

2.8328

8 =

51.613

74.323

6.689

3.2375

9 =

58.065

83.613
CUBIC.

7.525

3.6422

Cubic inches to

Cubic feet to

Cubic yards to

Bushels to

cubic centimetres.

cubic metres.

cubic metres.

hectolitres.

I =

16.387

0.02832

0.765

0.35242

2 =

32.774 •

0.05663

1-529

0.70485

3 =

49.161

0.08495

2.294

1.05727

4 =

65.549

O.H327

3.058

1.40969

5 =

81.936

O.I4158

3-823

I.762II

6 =

98.323

0.16990

4-587

2. 1 1454

7 =

1 14. 710

0.19822

5.352

2.46696

8 =

131.097

0.22654

6.I16

2.81938

9 =

147.484

0.25485

6.881

3.17181

The only authorized material standard of customary length is the Troughton
standard. The yard in use in the United States is therefore equal to the British

The only authorized material standard of customary weight is the Troy pound
standard of mass. It was derived from the British standard Troy pound of 1758
latter, and contains 7000 grains Troy.

The grain Troy is therefore the same as the grain Avoirdupois, and the pound

The British gallon = 4.54346 litres.

The British bushel = 36.3477 litres.

178

OFFICE OF STANDARD WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
DENHALL, Superintendent.

AND MEASURES— CUSTOMARY TO METRIC.

CAPACITY.

Fluidrachms to

miUililres to

cubic centimetres.

Fluidounces to
millilitres.

Quarts to litres.

Gallons to
litres.

I =

3- 70

29.57

0.94636

3.78544

2 =

7.39

59.15

1.89272

7.57088

3 =

11.09

88.72

2.83908

"•35632

4 =

1479

118.30

3.78544

15-14176

5 =

18.48

147.87

4.73180

18.92720

6 =

22.18

177.44

5.67816

22.71264

7 =

25.88

207.02

6.62452

26.49808

8 =

2957

• 236.59

7.57088

30.28352

9 =

33.28

266.16

WEIGHT.

8.51724

34.06896

Grains to Ai/oirdupois ounces Avoirdupois pounds

Troy ounces

mil/ig-rcpnmes.

to grammes.

to kilogrammes.

to grammes.

I =

64.7989

28.3495

0.45359

31.10348

2 =

129.5978

56.6991

0.90719

62.20696

3 =

194.3968

85.0486

1.36078

93.31044

4 =

259.1957

1 13.3981

1. 81437

124.41392

5 =

3239946

141.7476

2.26796

155.51740

6 =

388.7935

170.0972

2.72156

186.62089

7 =

453.5924

198.4467

3.I7515

217.72437

8 =

518.3914

226.7962

3.62874

248.82785

9 =

583.1903

255.1457

4.08223

279.93133

I chain

=

20.1169

metres.

I square mile

=

259.

hectares.

I fathom

=

1.829

metres,

I nautical mile

=

1853.27

metres.

I foot

= 0.304801 metre,

9.4840158

log.

I avoir, pound

=

453.5924277

grammes.

15432.35639 grain*

I

kilogram.

belotiKing; to this office, whose leng:th at 59.62^ Fahr. conforms to the British
yard.

of the Mint. It is of brass of unknown density, and therefore not suitable for a
by direct comparison. The British Avoirdupois pound was also derived from the

Avoirdupois in use in the United States is equal to the British pound Avoirdupois.

179

UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY.

By Permission of T. C. MEN
TABLE FOR CONVERTING U. S. WEIGHTS

LINEAR.

Metres to inches.

Metres to feet.

Metres to yards.

Kilometres,
to miles.

I =-

39- 3700

3.28083

1. 093611

0.62137

2 =

78.7400

6.56167

2.187222

1.24274

3 =

118.1100

9.84250

3-280833

1. 8641 1

4 =

157-4800

1312333

4-374444

2.48548

S =

196.8500

16.40417

5.468056

3.10685

6 =

236.2200

19.68500

6.561667

3.72822

7 =

275.5900

22.96583

7-655278

4-34959

S =

314.9600

26.24667

8.748889

4.97096

9 =

3543300

29.52750
SQUARE.

9.842500

5-59233

Square centimetres

Square metres

Square metres

Hectares

to square inches.

to square feet.

to square yards

to acres.

I =

0.1550

10.764

1. 196

2.471

2 ==

0.3100

21.528

2.392

4.942

3 =

0.4650

32.292

3-588

7.413

4 =

0.6200

43055

4.784

9.884

5 =

0.7750

53-819

5.980

12.355

6 =

0.9300

64.583

7.176

14.826

7 =

1.0850

75-347

8.372

17.297

8 =

1.2400

86.111

9.568

19.768

9 =

I -3950

96.874
CUBIC.

10.764

22.239

Cubic centimetres

Cubic decimetres

Cubic metres

Cubic metres

to cubic inches.

to cubic inches.

to cubic feet.

to cubic yards ■

I =

0.0610

61.023

35-314

1.308

2 =

0.1220

122.047

70.629

2.616

3 =

0. 183I

183.070

105.943

3.924

4 =

0.2441

244.093

141.258

5.23Z

5 =

0.3051

305-117

176.572

6.540

6 =

0.3661

366. 140

211.887

7.848

7 =

0.4272

427.163

247.201

9.156

8 =

0.4882

488.187

282.516

10.464

9 =

0.5492

549.210

317.830

II. 771

By the concurrent action of the principal government.s of the world an Inter
the direction of the International Committee, two ingots were cast of pure plati
From one of these a certain number of kilogrammes were prepared, from the other
tercompared, without preference, and certain ones were selected as International
ments, and are called National prototype standards. Those apportioned to the

The metric system was legalized in the United States in 1866.

The International Standard Metre is derived from the Metre des Archives,
platinum-iridium bar deposited at the International Bureau of Weights and Meas

The International Standard Kilogramme is a mass of platinum-iridium de
gramme des Archives.

The liter is equal to a cubic decimetre of water, and it is measured by the quan
ard kilogramme in a vacuum, the volume of such a quantity of water being, as

180

OFFICE OF STANDARD WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
DENHALL, Superintendent.

AND MEASURES— METRIC TO CUSTOMARY.

CAPACITY.

Millimetres or Centilitres
cubic centimetres to

to fluidrachms. fluidounces.

1 =-.

2 =

3 =

4 =

5 =

6 =

7 =

8 =

9 =

0.27

0.54
0.81
1.08

135
1.62
1.89
2.16
2.43

MiUigrafnmes

to
grains.

0.01543
0.03086
0.04630
0.06173
0.07716
0.09259
0.10803
0.12346
0.13889

0.338
0.676
1. 014
1352
1. 691
2.029
2.368
2.706
3043

Litres

to
quarts.

1.0567

2. "34
3- 1700
4.2267
5 2834
6.3401
7-3968
8.4534
9.5101

Decalitres

to

gallons.

2.6417
5.2834
7.9251
10.5668
13.2085
15.8502
18.4919
21.1336
23.7753

WEIGHT.
Kilogrammes
to
grains.

15432.36

30864.71

46297.07

61729.43

77161.78

92594.14
108026.49
123458.85
I3889I.2I

Hectogrammes
(roo grammes)
to ounces Av.

35274
7.0548
10.5822
14.1096
17.6370
21.1644
24.6918
28.2192
31.7466

WEIGHT-

Quintals to
pounds Av.

220.46

440.92

661.38

881.84

1102.30

1322.76

154322

1763.68

1984.14

-(Continued).

MilHers or tonnes
to pounds Av.

2204.6

4409.2

6613.8

8818.4

1 1023.0

13227.6

15432.2

17636.8

I984I.4

Hectolitres

to

bushels.

2.8375
56750
8.5125
11.3500
14.1875
17.0250
19.8625
22.7000
25.5375

Kilogrammes

to pounds
Avoirdupois.

2.20462
4.40924
6.61386
8.81849
II.O23H
13.22773

15.43235
17.63697

19.84159

Grammes to
ounces, Troy.

0.03215
0.06430
0.09645
0.12860

o. 16075

, 0.19290
0.22505
0.25721

0.28936

•aOonal Bureau ofWdgbU and Measures has been established near Paris. Under
nunviridiam in the proportion of nine partkof the former to one of the latter metal,
a definite number of metre bars. These standards of weiRht and length were in-

Erototvpc sundards. The others were distributed by lot to the diflferent govern-
nitccl Sutes are in the keeping of this ofTice.

and its length is defined by the distance between two lines at 0° Centigrade, on a

ures.

posited at the same place, and its weight in vacuo is the same as that of the Kilo-

tity of distilled water which, at its maximum density, will counterpoise the stand*
nearly as has been ascertained, equal to a 1 ubic decimetre.

181

182

PHARMACY

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•^

ALCOHOL TABLE — TABLE OF THERMflMETRIC EQUIVALENTS 188

ALCOHOL TABLE

Average percentage of alcohol contained in the following liquids:

Rum 60 to 75

WTiiskey 50 to 60

Brandy (British) 50 to 60

Brandy (French) 50 to 55

Gin 48 to 60

Port 15 to 18

Marsala 15 to 21

Sherry 14 to 18

Madeira 14 to 17

Hungarian Wines 9 to 1 5

Claret 8 to 12

Sauterne 11 to 18

Burgundy 8 to 14

Moselle 8 to 1 2

Rhine Wines 7 to 1 6

Chablis 7 to 10

Champagne : 6 to 13

Bitter Ale 6 to 9

Cider 2 to 9

Porter. . . .• 4 to 7

Beer •. 2 to 4

Ginger Beer i to 3

TABLE OF THERMOMETRIC EQUIVALENTS

Centigrade and Fahrenheit Scales.

.^

! u

•d

•d

•d

li

.-

c

•s

g

-s

g

-S

a

-S

g

U

u«

u

74

(^

u

(^

U

m

u

^

100

. 213.

165.2

48

1 18.4

34

93.2

8

46.4

99

210.2

73

i43-4
101.6 1

47

1 16.6

33

91.4

7

44.6

98

208.4

72

46

1 14.8

32

89.6

6

42.8

97

206.6

1 71

159.8

45

"3-

31

87.8

5

41.

96

204.8

70

158.

44

III. 2

30

86.

4

39-2

95

203.

69

156.2

43

109.4

29

84.2

3

37-4

94

201.2

68

154.4

42

107.6

' 28

82.4

2

,SS.6

93

199.4

67

152.6

41.66

107.

1 27

80.6

I

^^.8

92

197.6

66

150.8

4T.11

106.

: 26

78.8

0

32-

9«

195.8
194. 1

t^

149.

41

105.8

i 25

77-

-I

30.2

90

64

147.2

40.55

105.

1 ^^

75-2

-2

28.4

^

192.2

63

145-4

40

104.

1 23

73.4

-3

26.6

88

'221

62

143.6

39.44

103.

22

71.6

-4

24.8

87

188.6

61

141.8

39

102.2

21

69.8

-5

^3-

86

186.8

60

140.

38.88

102.

20

68.

-6

21.2

85

185.

59

138.2

38.33

101.

19

66.2

-7

19.4

84

183.2 1

58

136.4

ss

100.4

18

64.4

-8

17.6

83

181.4 !

57

134.6

37.77

100.

17

62.6

-9

1S.8

82

179.6 i

56

132.8

37.50

99.5

16

60.8

-10

14.

81

177.8

55

131-

37.22

99.

15

59.

-15

5-

80

176.

54

129.2

37

98.6

14

57-2

-17.78

0.

^2

174.2

53

127.4

36.66

98.

»3

55-4

-20

-4.

78

172.4

5»

125.6

36.11

97.

12

53.6

-25

-13-

77

'Z2S

5'

123.8

36

96.8

II

50.8

.30

-22.

76

,68.8,

50

122.

3555

96.

10

50.

-35

-3i-

75

167. i

49

120.2

^5

95.

9

48.2

-40

-40.

184 PHARMACY

INCOMPATIBLES

CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBLES

Acacia (gum), with alcohol, ether, iron, lead- water, mineral acids,
borax and ethereal tinctures.

Acids (in general), with alkalies and weak salts of other acids, as
the bromides, chlorides and iodides.

Antipyrine, with carbolic acid, tannin, mercuric chloride, infusion
catechu, infusion cinchona bark, infusion rose leaves, infusion uva
nrsi, tincture cinchona, tincture hamamelis, tincture iodine, tincture
rhubarb, hydrocyanic acid, nitric acid, ammonia, alum, amyl nitrite,
spirit nitrous ether, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride,
syrup iodide of iron.

Arsenic, with tannic acid, salts and oxide of iron, lime and magnesia.

Bitter infusions and tinctures, with salts of iron or lead.

Bromides, with acids, acid salts or alkalies.

Bismuth subnitrate, with subchloride of mercury, sulphur or tannin.

Calomel, with alkalies, mineral acids, lime-water, metallic salts and
potassium iodide.

Carbonates, with acids, and acid salts.

Camphor, with water.

Chlorides, with silver salts, lead salts and hydrogen peroxide.

Corrosive sublimate, with alkalies, lime-water, salts of iron and lead,
iodide of potassium, albumen, gelatin and vegetable astringents. It is,
however, sometimes combined with the chloride of iron and arsenous
acid, potassium iodide or ammonium chloride, the latter increasing its
solubility.

Chloral hydrate, with alkalies, ammonium and mercury compounds,
potassium bromide, alcohol and potassium cyanide.

Hydrogen peroxide, with vegetable tinctures, alkaline citrates and
tartrates, ferric salts, hydrocyanic acid, sulphates, chlorides and nitrates.

Iron (salts), with anythfng containing tannic acid, tincture of chloride
of iron with alkalies, carbonates, mucilages and preparations containing
tannic acid.

Iodine, with ammonia, alkalies, carbonates, chloral, metallic salts
and starch.

Lead acetate, with acacia, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and
sulphates, ammonium chloride, carbonates, lime-water, iodine, potas-
sium iodide, tannin.

Mucilage, with acids, iron salts and alcohol.

Oxidizing agents, as chromic acid, potassium nitrate, chloral and
permanganates, nitrate and nitrohydrochloric acids should not be pre-
scribed with oxidizable substances, as glycerin, sugar, oils, ethers,

INCOMPATIBLES 185

turpentine, sulphur and sulphides, phosphorus, or dry organic sub-
stances.

Pepsin, with alcohol, tinctures or alkalies.

Potassium iodide, with strong acids and acid salts, alkaloids, iron,
lead and mercur}- salts, potassium chlorate, chlorine water and silver
nitrate.

Potassium permanganate, with ammonium salts, alcohol, ethereal
oils, organic substances and glycerin.

Salicylic acid, A^ith iron compounds, potassium iodide and lime-water.

Sodium bicarbonate, with acids, acid salts, tannic acid, alkaloids and
metallic salts.

Sodium bromide, ^\'ith acids (mineral), chlorine water, and mercury
compounds.

Silver nitrate, ^^^th acids (except ftitric), alkalies, carbonates, iodides,
bromides and sulphur.

Spirits of nitrous ether, with sulphate of iron, tincture of guaiacum,
most carbonates and antipyrine.

Strophanthus (tincture) in water undergoes hydrolysis, with the
formation of a toxic substance.

Tartar emetic, ^^^th mucilage, metallic salts, lime-water, alkaline
carbonates and bicarbonates, egg albumen or gelatin.

Trichlorethidene propenyl ether elixir (Somnos), with alkalies.

Vegetable preparations containing tannic acid, with salts of iron or
lead.

PHARM.\CFX'TICAL INCOMPATIBLES
Resinous tinctures or fluidextracts, with aqueous solutions.
Tincture of guaiac, with spirit of nitrous ether.
Compound infusion of gentian, with infusion of wild ( herry or com-
pound infusion of cinchona.

Essential oils, with af|ueous liquids.

Fixed oils and copail^ with aqueous liquids.

Tinctures made with alcohol, with those made with diluted alcohol.

Alcohol tinctures and fluidextracts, with aqueous preparations.

Spirit nitrous ether, with strong mucilages.

Infusions generally, with metallic salts.

PHYSIOLOGICAL INCOMPATIBLES
Aconitine, with atropine, digitalin, strychnine.
Alcohol, with strychnine.
Ammonium chloride, with chloral hydrate.

186 PHARMACY

Atropine, with aconitine, bromalhydrate, chloral hydrate, hydro-
cyanic acid, jaborandi, muscarine, morphine, physostigmine, Phyto-
lacca, pilocarpine, quinine.

Bromalhydrate, with atropine.

Brucine, with chloral hydrate.

Carbolic acid, with chloral hydrate.

Chloral hydrate, with ammonium chloride, atropine, brudne, car-
bolic acid, codeine, physostigmine, picrotoxin, strychnine, thebaine.

Chloroform, with amyl nitrate.

Cocaine, with morphine.

Codeine, with chloral hydrate.

Digitalin, with aconitine, muscarine, saponine.

Gelsemium, with opium, atropine.

Morphine, with atropine, caffeine, chloroform, cocaine, daturine,
hyoscyamine, nicotine, physostigma.

Opium, with atropine, gelsemium, veratrum viride.

Physostigma, with atropine, chloral, morphine.

Strychnine, with alcohol, chloral hydrocyanic acid, nicotine, amyl
nitrate.

Thebaine, with chloral hydrate.

ANTIDOTES FOR POISONS

First. — Send for a physician.

Second. — Induce vomiting, by tickling the throat with a feather or
finger. Drink hot water or strong mustard and water. Swallow sweet
oil or whites of eggs.

Acids are antidotes for alkalies, and vice versa.

Do not use strong acids or alkalies, as they are poisonous. Vinegar
or diluted acetic acid are safe acids to employ. Lime-water or cooking
soda are safe alkalies.

SPECIAL POISONS AND ANTIDOTES

Acids. — Muriatic, oxalic, acetic, sulphuric (oil of vitriol), nitric
(aqua-fortis). Soapsuds, magnesia, lime-water.

Prussic Acid. — Ammonia in water. Dash water (not the ammonia
water) in face.

Carbolic Acid. — Flour and water, mucilaginous drinks.

Alkalies (such as potash, lye, hartshorn, ammonia). — Vinegar or
lemon juice in water.

Arsenic, rat poison, Paris green. — Milk, raw eggs, sweet oil, lime-
water, flour and water.

SPECIAL POISONS AND ANTIDOTES 187

Bug poison, lead, saltpetre, corrosive sublimate, sugar of lead,
blue vitriol. — Whites of eggs or milk in large doses.

Chloroform, chloral, ether. — Dash cold water on head and chest.
Artificial respiration. Piece of ice in rectum. No chemical antidote.

Copperas, cobalt. — Soapsuds and mucilaginous drinks.

Iodine, antimony, tartar emetic. — Starch and water. Astringent
infusions. Strong tea, tannin.

Mercury and its salts. — Whites of eggs, milk, mucilages.

Nitrate of silver, lunar caustic. — Salt and water.

Opium, morphine, laudanimi, paregoric, soothing powders or
syrups. — Strong coffee, hot bath. Keep awake and moving at any cost.

Strychnine, tincture of nux vomica. — Mustard and water, sul-
phate of zinc. Absolute quiet. Plug the ears.

CO I

188

PHARMACY

PRESCRIPTION ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATION LATIN ENGLISH

aa Ana Of each

Ad lib Ad libitum At pleasure

Ad saturand Ad saturandum Until saturated

Aq. ferv Aqua fervens Hot water

Aq. tepid Aqua tepida Warm water

Chart Chartula A small paper

Coch. mag Cochleare magnum A tablespoonful

Coch. parv Cochleare pannim A teaspoonful

Colent Colentur Let them be strained

CoUyr Collyrium An eye water

Contus Contusus Bruised

F. vel ft Fiat vel fiant Let them be made

Fol Folium vel folia A leaf or leaves

Garg Gargarysma A gargle

Gtt Gutta vel guttce A drop or drops

iHaust. Haustus A draught

Infus. Infusum An infusion

M Misce Mix

Mass Massce Mass

Mist Mistura A mixture

Pil Pilula vel pilulce A pill or pills

Pulv Pulvis vel pulveres A powder or powders

Q. s Quantum sufficit A sufficient quantity

I^ Recipe Take

Rad Radix A root

S Signa Write

Ss Semis The half

Tr. , Tinct Tinctura . Tincture

INDEX.

Ac«cift, laS

Aceta, 1^

Acetaniiid. 127

Acetone, 123

Acetphen«tidin, 126

Acid, acetic, 122
benzoic. 151
boric. 82
camphoric, 145
carbolic, 125
chromic, in
citric, 140

fallic, 161
ydroquinic, 147
lactic, 175
meconic, 163
oleic. 153, 154

nicalir 171

;.,. ,, l6l

Mlicylic. 126
stearic , t.s4

lantiir I^'

A ^'.ya

Aco;..... ., ,

Adapters, 18
Adeps, 173

latMe. 173
AithtT, 133
Alcohol. 13a. 133
Aldehjrd. 137
Alkaloidii, t6a
Allspice, 145
Almond. 146
Aloe, 150
Aloin, 160
Allhaea. fJ9
Alam. io;s

ammonio-ferrk, 108

Alnmifiiim tr,?

Arr.- ;

An; ra, 146

Amyl iiitri», 136
Amyliim. itj
Animal substance*. 173
Anise. U3
Anthemls. 149
Antifebrin. 127
Antimony. 117
Antipyrene, 137

Antitoxin . diphtheria, 176
AfKxrynum, 149
Ap>omorphinje, 164
Aqua, 72

acidi carbonici, 81

chlori, 177

destillata, 72

hydrogenii dioxidi,
72

regia, 75
Aquae, 34
Arg:ols. 84
Aristol, 125
Arnica. 149
Arsenic, 117

antidote, 109
Asafetida, 150
Aspidium, 149
Atropine, 168

sulphate, 168
Aurantii cortex, 143

Balance, 7

Balsam copaiba, 148

Peru, 151

tolu, 142
Balsams. 149
Balsanium Peruvianum,

tolutanum, 131
Barium, 99
Baths, 15
Bearberry, 162
Belladonna, 167
Benzaldehydc. 146
Benzin. 156
Benzoin, ly
Benzosulpninide, 152
Berberis. 171
Betanapthol, 124
Betula. 145
Birch oil, 14s
Bismuth, iiH
Bitter almond, 146
Blackberry, 162
Black haw, 148

snakeroot, 149
Blood root, 170
Blowpipe, 14
Boiling point, 16
Boneset. 149
Borax, 90

189

Boron, 81
Brandy, 140
Brayefa, 158
Bromine, 77
Bromoform, 138
Broom, 175
Buchu, 148
Burdock, 158

Cadmium, 102
Caffeine, 172

citrated, 172
Caiuputi, 145
Calabar bean, 167 .
Calamus, 145
Calcium. 99
Calendula, 149
Calomel, 115
Calumba, 159
Calx, 99
Cambogia, 160
Camphor, 145
Camphora, 145

monobromata, 145
Canadian hemp, 148, 149
Cannabis indica, 148
Cantharides, 177
Cantharis, 177
Capsicum, 148
Caraway. 143
Carbon, 81

disulphide, 8t
Carbonei bisulphiduni,8i
Cardamomum, 145
Carum, 143
Caryophyflus, 145
Casrara sagrada. 159
Cassia fistula, 160
Cataplasma, 66
Ccllulin, 120
Celluloid. 121
Cellulose, 120
Cera alba, 177

flava, 177
Cerata, 67
Cerium, 102
Cetaceum. 175
Chalk, loi
Chamomi'e, (49
Charcoal. 81. ru

animiil.Si
Chartsc, 69

190

INDEX.

Chenopodium, 149
Chili saltpetre, 93
Chitnaphila, 162
Chirata, 158
Chloral, 137
Chloralformamide, 138
Chlorine, 77
Chloroform, 138
Chondrus, 128
Chromium. 11 1
Chrysarobiii, 159
Cimicifuga, 149
Cinchona, 165
Cinchonine, 166
Cinnamic aldehyde, 144
Cinnamon, 144
Clarification, 22
Cloves, 145
Coal, 12. 124
Cobalt, 112
Coca. 171
Cocaine, 171

hydrochlorate, 172
Coccus, 177
Cochineal, 177
Codeine, 164
eolation, 22
Colchicum, 169
Collodion, 45
Colocynth, 160
Columbo, 157
Comminution, 19
Confections, 63
Conium, 172
Convallaria, 157
Copaiba. 148
Copper, 112
Coriander, 143
Corn silk, 149
Corrosive sublimate, 115
Cotton, 120

root bark, 158
Couch grass, 131
Cramp bark, 148
Cranesbill, 162
Cream of tartar, 84
Creosote, 123
Cresol, 125
Creta preparata, 101
Crucible, 14
Cryolite. 91

process, 91
Crystallization, 23
Cubeb, 148
Cubic centimetre, 6

nitre, 93
Culver's root, 160
Cusso, 158
Cypripedium, 149

Dandelion, 158
Decantation, 21
Decocta, 47
Decoction, 47
Decoloration, 23
Dermatol, 118

Desiccation, 19
Dialyses, 25
Digestion, 25
Digitalis, 156
Dispensatories, i, 3
Displacement, 26
Distillation, 17
Dolomite, 99
Drop, size of, 9
Drug mill, 19
Duotal, 125

Eau de Javelle, 78
Ebullition, 16
Elastica, 151
Elaterium, 160
Elder, 149
Elixirs, 44
Elm, slippery, 129
Elutriation, 20
Emplastra, 68
Emulsions, 39
Epsom salt, 99
Ergot, 157
Erigeron, 149
Eriodictyon, 149
Erythroxylon, 171
Ether, 133
Ethereal oil, 134
Ethyl. 136
Eucalyptol, 144
Eugenol, 144
Euonymus, 160
Eupatorium, 149
Evaporation, 16
Excipients, 63
Expression, 25
Exsiccation, 25
Extracta, 59
Extraction, 25
Extracts, fluid, 52

Fats, 152
Pel bovis, 175
Fennel. 143

Fermentation, 131, 139
Ferrum, 106
Ficus, 160
Fig, 160
Filtration, 22
Flax seed, 129
Fleabane, 149
Fluid extracts, 52
Foeniculum, 143
Formaldehyde, 137
Foxglove, 156
Frangula, 160
Fuel, 12
Furnace, 12

Galla, 161
Gamboge, 160
Gambir, 161
Gas, illuminating, 12

Gaultheria oil, 144
Gelatin. 174
Gelsemium, 167
Gentian, 157
Geranium, 162
German chamomile, 138
Ginger. 145
Glauber's salt, 95
Glucose. 130
Glucosides, 156
Glycerin. 154
Glycerinated, 174
Glycerita. 42
Glycyrrhiza, 131
Glycyrrhizinum ammoni-

atum, 131
Gold, 119
Golden seal, 170
Gossypii cortex, 15S

radicis cortex, 158
Gossypium, 120
Graduate, 9
Grain, 4
Gramme, 4
Granatum, 162, 171
Granulation, 25
Grindelia. 149
Grommet, 17
Guaiac, 151
Guaiacol, 124
Guarana. 172
Gum, 128

arable, 128

resins, 149
Gun cotton, t2i
Gypsum (dried), 102

Hjematoxylon, 162

Halogens, 77

Hamamelis, 162

Heat, 12

Hedeoma, 143

Henbane, 167

Hexamethylamine, 137

Homatropine hydrobro-
mide, 168

Honey, 131

Honeys, 38

Hood, 17

Hops. 148

Horehound, 143

Hydrargyrum, 115

Hydrastine, 171

Hydrastinine hydrochlo-
rate, 171

Hydrastis, 170

Hydrogen, 72

Hydrometer, 11

Hyoscinae hydrobromas,
167

Hyoscyamine hydro-
bromate. 167
sulphas, 169

Hyoscyamus, 167

Humulus, 148

INDEX.

191

Illicium, 143
India-rubber, 131
Indian cannabis, 148

hemp, 148
Infusa, 46
Infusions, 46
Iodine, 77
Iodoform, 138
lodol, 139
Ipecac, 171
Irish moss, 128
Iron, 106

Jaborandi, 169
Jalap, 159 „
Jasmine, yellow, 167
Juniperi, 49

Kaolin. S3
Kino. 162
Kousso, 158
Krameria, 161

Labarra(^ue's solution, 78

Lactucanum, 149

Lady's slipper, 149

Lappa. 158

Lavender. 143

Lead. 112

Leblanc's process, 91

Leibig condenser. iS

Lemon peel, 143

Leptanara, t6o

Lc\'tgation, 20

Lignin. 120

Lily of the valley, 158

Lime, 100

chlorinated. 78
sulphurated, 100
water. 100

Limonis cortex, 143

Linimenta, 45

Linseed . 129

Linitin, 129

Liqnores, jS

Liquorice, 131

Lithium. 83

Lobelia, 173

Lorwood. 162

Lotion. 31

I^xenges, same as Tro-
ches. 66

Lunar caustic. 114

Lupttltn, 148

Lute, 18
Lvcopodium, 155

Mace. 145
Ma<*eratinn, 25, sB
Marnesium. 91
Male fern. 149
Malt. 128
Manjcanesc, 160

Manna, 131
Mar^rin, 153
Mangold, 149
Marrubium, 143
Marshmallow, 129
Massse, 62
Masses, 62
Mastic, 150
Matico, 148
Matricaria, 149
May apple, 160
Measure, 4
Mel, 131
Mellita. 38
Meniscus, 9
Menstruum, 25
Mentha piperita, 143

viriais, 130
Menthol, 143
Mercury, 112
Methyl salicvlas. 145
Methylene blue, 127
Methylthionine, 127
Metre, 4, 6
Metrology, 4
Mezereum, 149
Mill, drug, 19
Mixtures, 42
Monsel's solution, iii
Morphine, 163
Moss, Irish, 128
Moschus, 174
Mucilagines, 38
Musk, 174
Mustard, 147
Myristica, 145
Myrrh, 151
Myrrha, 142

Naphtalin, 124
Naphtalinum, 124
Naphtol, 124
Nickel, 112
Nitre, 112

cubic, 93

sweet spirits of, 135
Nitrite of amyl, 136
Nutgall, i6t
Nutmeg, MS
Nux vomica, 166

Oil, almond, bitter, 146
almond (sweet), 155
anise, 143
betula, 146
of cade. 123
oijuput, 145
caraway. 143
castor, iM
chenopodlum, 149
cinnamon, 145
cloves. 145
cod-liver, 176

Oil, copaiba, 148

coriander, 143

cotton seed, 155

croton, 155

cubeb, 148

erigeron, 49

eucalyptus, 145

fennel, 143

fleabane, 49

gaultheria, 144

juniper, 149

lard, 173

lavender flowers, 143

lemon peel, 143

mustard, 147

myrbane, 146

nutmeg, 145

olive, 155

orange, 143

pennyroyal, 143

peppermint, 143

pimenta, 145

rose, 159

rosemary, 113

sandal-wooQ, 148

santal, 148

sassafras, 145

savine, 149

spearmint, 143

tneobroma, 155

thyme, 143

turpentine, 152

wintergreen, 145

wormseed (Ameri-
can), 149
Oils, fixed, 152

volatile, 141
Ointments, 67
Oleates, 16
Oleic acid, 145
Olein, i^S3
Oleoresinae, 58
Oleoresins, ^, 149
Oleum adipis, 173

atthereum, 134

amygdalsE amarat,
146

amygdalae expres-
sum, 155

anisi. 143

aurantii cortiris, 143

betular volatile, 145

cadinum, 123

cajuputi, 145

cari, 143

caryophylli, 145

chenopndii, 149

cinnamomum, 145

copaibie, 148

cubeba;, 148

eucalvpti, 14s

gaultnerite, 145

gossypii seminis, i.">5

lunijicri, 149

)uniperi cmpyreum-
aticum, 123

192

INDEX.

Oleum lavandulae flor-
utn, 143

limoiiis, 146

lini, 155

mace, 145

menthse piperitae, 143

menthae viridis, 143

morrhuae, 176

myristicae, 145

olivae, 155

picis liquidae, 123

pimentae, 132

ricini, 153

rosae, 162

rosmarini, 143

sabinae, 149

santali, 148

sassafras, 145

sinapis volatile, 147

tereDinthinee, 152

terebinthinae rectifi-
catum, 152

theobromatis, 155

thvmi, 130

tiglii. 155
Opium, 163
Orange peel, bitter, 143

sweet, 143
Ox gall, 175
Oxygen, 72

Paraffin, 155
Paraldehydum, 137
Parchment, 120
Pareira, 171
Palmitin, 153
Paucreatin, 174
Papers, 69
Pearlash, 83
Pectin, 141

Pelletierine tannate, 171
Pellitory, 149
Pennyroyal, 143
Pepo, 155
Pepper, African, 148

black, 148

Cayenne, 148
Peppermint, 143
Pepsin, 174
Percolation, 26
Petrolatum, 155
Pharmacopceia, i
Phenacetin, 126
Phenol, 125
Phenyl salicylate, 126
Phosphorus, 79
Physostigma, 167
Physostigmine, 167
Phytolacca, 149
Pills, 63

Pilocarpine hydrochlo-
rate, 169'

nitrate, 169
Pilocarpus, i6g
Pimenta, 145

Pinkroot, 172
Piper, 148
Piperin, 148
Pipette, 9
Pipsissewa, 162
Pix liquida, 123
Plasters, 68
Platinum, 119
Plumbum, 112
Podophyllum, 160
Poke berry, 149

root, 149
Pomegranate, 162
Potash, 83

caustic, 83
Potassa, 83
Potassium, 83
Powders, 61
Precipitate, red, 116

white, 115
Precipitated chalk, loi
Precipitation, 22
Prepared chalk, 101
Presses, 25
Prickly ash, 149
Protiodide of mercury,

116
Prune, 160
Prunum, 160
Prunus Virginiana. 146
Pulveres, 61

Pulverization by inter-
vention, 20
Pumpkin seed, 155
Purging cassia, 160
Pyrethrum, 149
Pyrogallol, 161
Pyroxylinum, 121

Quassia, 156
Queen's root, 149
Quercus, 162
Quicksilver, 115
Quillaja, 158
Quinine, 165

Receiver, 18

Red precipitate, 116

Repercolation, 28, 32

Resin, 150

Resinae, 61

Resins, 61, 149

Resorcin. 126

Retort, 18

Rhamnus frangula, 160

purshiana, 159
Rhatany, 161
Rheum, 159
Rhubarb, 159
Rhus glabra, 141, 162
Rochelle salt, 86
Rosa gallica, 162
Rose, 162
Rosemary, 143

Rosin, 150
Rubber, 162
Rubus, 162

Sabina, 149
Saccharin, 152
Saccharum, 130

lactis, 175
Safrol, 144
Sage, 162
Sage, 143
Salicin, 158
Salol, 126
Salt cake, qi

common. 92

Epsom, 99

(.ilauber's, 95

Rochelle, 80
Saltpetre, 87

Chili, 93
Salvia, 162
Sambucus, 149
Sanguinaria, 170
Sanguinarini, 170
Santal oil, 118
Santalum rubrum, 158
Santonica, 158
Santonin, 157
Sapo, 154

mollis, 155
Sarsaparilla, 158
Sassafras, 145
Savine, 149
Saw palmetto, 149
Scales, 4
Scammony, 160
Scilla, 156
Scoparius, 175
Scopola, 168
Scopolamine hydrobro-

mide, 168
Scutellaria, 143
Sediment, 23
Senega, 158
Senna, 158
Serbal, 140
Serpen taria. 148
Serum antidiphtherium,

176
Sevum, 173
Silicon, 81
Silver, 112
Sinapis alba, 147

nigra. 147
Siphon, 21
Skullcap, 143
Slippery elm, 129
Snakeroot, Virginia, 148
Soap, 152
Soap bark, 158
Soda ash, 91

water, 81
Sodium. 83
Solution, 21
Solutions, 36

193

?iolvay"s process, 90

Sumbul, 143

Solvents, 21

Suppositona, 69

Spanish flies. 177

Suppositories, 69

Sparteine sulphate. 173

Syrupi. 38. 40

Spearmint. 143

Syrups, 38, 40

Specific gravity. 9

\u'unie, 12

'i, 176

Talcum, 82

72

Tamarind, 141

ne, Rl

Tannin. 161

mmdererus, 97

Tar, 122, 123

Spiritus. 43

Taraxacum. 158

aftheris comjiositus,

Tartar emetic. 117

I J J

Terebene. 150

1; linj-.nti I i ;

Terebenum. 150

Tiiti' "-I. i;,^

Terebinthina, 152

\ ini Kallici. 140

canadensis, 150

Squill. 136

Terpenes, 141

Slaphisagria, 170

Terpin hydrate, 150

Star-anise, 143

Terpina hydras, 150

SUrch. 127

Thermometer. 13

Rlvcerite of. 128

Thoroughwort, 149

Stavesacre. 170

Thyme, 143

Steam, 15

Thvmol, 125

Sfr.iri'i. i^t

Thyroid. 174

•■"^. '45

Tin, 112

Tincal, 90

Tincturae, 47

U9

Tragacantha, 128

Trional, 136

22

Triticum, 131

m. 169

Triturationes,62

'W

Troches, 66

'lus. 157

Trochisci, 66

-. 166

Turpentine, 152

corrosive. 115

Ulmus. 129

Unguenta.67

• ad, 100

Uva ursi. 162

nilk. 175

S u 'i p h oueth) Imethane.

Vacuum pan. 17

Salphon methane. 136

Valerian, 148

Vallet's mass, 107

Salphur, 79

Vanilla, 144

SuBwch. 141, 162

Vanillin, 144

Vaporization, 16
Veratrine, 170
Veratrum, 170
Vina Medicata, 51
Vinegars, 58
Virburnum, 148
Vitriol, blue, 114

elixir of, 76

oil of, 75
Volatile oils, 141

Wahoo. 160
Water. 72

ammonia, 96

javelle, 78

lead, 113

lime, 100
Waters, 34
Wax, white, 177

vellow. 177
Weight, 4
Whisky, 133
White oak, 162

precipitate, 115
Wild cherry, 146
Wine, 139
Wines. 51

Wintergreen oil, 145
Witchhazel, 162
Wool fat, hydrous, 173
Wormseed. 158

American, 149

Levant, 158

Xanthoxylum, 149

Verba Santa, 149

Zea, 149
Zinc. 102
Zing^iber, 145

M

THIRTY-FOURTH THOUSAND.

In Accordance with the New (8th) Revision of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia.

"Materia Medica, Pharmacy,
and Therapeutics."

TENTH EDITION, REVISED, IMPROVED.

By SAMUEL O. L. POTTER, M.A., M.D., M. R.C.I'. (Lond.),

Forwtrrljr Ptoffssor of Principles and Practice of Medicine, Cooper Medical College,
San Francisco : Major and Brigade Surgeon, i'. S. Vol.

An Exhaustive Handbook. Including The Action of Medicines, Special Thera-
peutics of Disease, Official and Practical Pharmacy, and Minute
Directions for Prescription Writing, Etc. With Over 600
Prescriptions and Formulae.

" This work b without question the most complete, exhaustive, concise,
and practical book of its character now offered to the American profession."

//i Ne*w Ariicles a.nd P^wagraphs, 400 Articles Rewritten,
Octd'oo; 951 pages. Thumb Index in Each Copy,

Cloth, $5.00; Leather or Half Morocco, $6.00 net

* in tne entire range of medical literature it would he difficult to lay

ooe'f band on a book of greater merit than the one under consideration. It

i> a work on therapeutics that affords the reader the information he seeks.

. To the l»asy practitioner and also to the student the department of

-rcial therapeutics will indeed be a fountain of information that will be a

nstant source of help. . . The book is a treasure house of thera-

( iitjc information." — The Therapeutic Record.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR:

Compend of Materia Medica, Thera-
peutics, and Prescription Writing.

With Special Reference to the I'hysiological Action of Drugs. Seventh
Revised and Improved Edition, in accordance with the new United States
Pharmaeopaia. I2mo. x\ 4- 292 pages.

Cloth, $1.00; Interleaved for Notes, $1.25

P. BLAKISTON^S SON & CO., Publishers, Philadelphia.

THIRD REVISED EDITION.

The Art of ^ Text-Book for Students and a Refer-

x-» J . ence Book for Pharmacists at the Pre-

Compounding. ^^^ption counter. By Wilbur L.

Third Edition. Scoville, Ph. G., Professor of Theory

and Practice of Pharmacy in the Massa-
chusetts College of Pharmacy ; Member of Committee of Revision of the
1900 U. S. Pharmacopoeia,

Third Edition. Revised in accordance with the new U. S. Pharmacopoeia.

Octavo. Cloth, net, $2.50

The object of this work is to arrange in a systematic manner the various
principles upon which the compounding of physicians' prescriptions depend,
and to collect and classify in the form best adapted for study and reference the
numerous data upon this subject scattered through pharmaceutical literature.
The author has attempted to supply a field which is now practically empty,
and gives a vast amount of information in a concise, practical manner that
cannot fail to be useful to all pharmacists and students.

The book includes sections on The Prescription, Mixtures, Emulsions,
Pills, Suppositories, Lozenges (including Tablets, Troches, etc.), Ointments,
Cerates, Plasters, Crayons, Powders, Cachets, Wafers, Capsules, Incompati-
bilities, etc., and treats of the dispensing of prescriptions in all forms.

The chapters are systematically arranged to conform with the various
forms of medicaments and each is followed by a series of typical prescriptions,
with directions for compounding, designed as illustrations and for practice.
The chapter on Incompatibilities is very complete and well arranged.

*' Contains a vast amount of information upon practical prescription compound-
ing."— Pharmaceutical Era.

" The final chapter on Incompatibility is quite complete and very helpful. Indeed,
this chapter ?.lone is fully worth the price of the hod\f..'''— Denver Medical Times.

" The work is intensely practical, and the author happily has succeeded in col-
lecting and rendering accessible a vast amount of information required at the dis-
pensing counter, but which has been passing from mouth to mouth only, and which
no one before has seen fit to reduce to writing; the author goes into those little de-
tails of operative pharmacy upon which success depends which so far have not found
their way into print. One almost wonders where and how he got all those little
points." — The IVestern Druggist.

" The chapter on Homoeopathic Pharmacy is a concise statement of that subject,
and will be a novelty to most pharmaceutical readers." — American Journal of Phar-
macy.

" The various preparations in general use are treated in an excellent manner, and
the work is well arranged. Students will find the work a valuable aid to them in their
studies, while the master pharmacist will find it almost a daily necessity at the pre-
scription counter." — Drug Topics.

P. BLAKISTON^S SON & CO., Publishers, Philadelphia.

A NEW EDITION, PRACTICALLY A NEW BOOK.

Medical and By Ellas H. Bartley, B.S.,M.D.,

P^, . J Professor of Chemistry, Toxicology and

Pharmaceutical pediatrics, lo g island College Hos-

Chemistry P'^^l; late Dean and Professor of

Chemistry, Brooklyn College of

r. armacy.

Sixth Edition, Revised in accordance with the new U. S.
Pharmacopoeia; with 92 Illustrations. 12nio.

Cloth, net, $3.00; Leather, net, $3.50

This edition of Prof. P.artley's well-known text-book has been revised, con-

! ierably enlarged, nnd to some extent rearranged to meet an expressed demand

r a practical, concise handlxx)k for the use of medical and pharmaceutical

!'*n. * In making the revision the author has relied not only upon his own

it'nce, but has taken into consideration numerous letters and criticisms

y prominent teachers and reviewers. He has also made a special eflbrt

make his book agree with the New U. S. Pharmacopoeia (Seventh

derision), so that it will correspond with the statements in the new editions

f books on NIaf#«ri:i Medica, Therapeutics, and Pharmacy, the new Dispen-

itories, etc.

"The work is illustrated with well-executed wood-cuts, is well printed in large,
I lear type, oa good paper, and has a most comprehensive and well-arranged index.
' ■ :--TheT it i* an admirable text-book, not only for students, but for pharmacists
tciitioncr*."— Ala/fVwa/ Druggist, St. Lout's.
- •- ----"'■■ "TTiong the best of the manuals recently issued for the use of
•cal students. It is not specially devoted to physiological
y, but is a work of wider usefulness, because it treats fully
!ie numerous points of general interest which every student of either
')Uld know,"— TA^" Pharmacist, Chicago.
" Dr. Hartley's work is one of undoubted merit, and will prove a reliable guide to
the student of medicine."— 7*^ American Journal of Medical Sciences, Philadelphia.
" Although there are many good text-hooks on chemistry, they are principally
dr^l^ed for the use of general students, and, according to the author, are either too
rious or too brief for the requirements of medical students, for whom this work
ArA Ttiis pur|>o«e has been kept well in view, and is, indeed, apparent on
! lent reference is made to the Pharmacopoeias of the United States
ind the book may be used as a companion to either. . . . The
• ' - »--rtf is vet7 similar to that of Fowncs', considerable
>I physics and theoretical chemistry, followed by a con-
dements In the order of their atomic values, and the
m- taK <roups." — TTie Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal.

r so much as to the character of the instruction which a medical

ive in chemistry, that it would be diflicull, probably, to prepare a

siry which would prove acceptable to even a majority of the leach-

■^ ol (^henti&try. We think, however, that this book is worth looking over by those

V ho have thus Ux failed to find a satisfactory text-book, and we believe it will be

Joaod to meet the wants of a ceruin unmhtr. '*^Boston Medical and Surgical Journal

P. BLAKISTON'S SON & CO.. Publishers, Philadelphia.

„ ^„„ m